Persönlichkeitspsychologie: Dunkle Triade vs. Helle Triade

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Die Dunkle Triade oder auch Dunkler Dreiklang (englisch Dark Triad) bezeichnet die Persönlichkeitsmerkmale von Narzissmus, Machiavellismus und (subklinische) Psychopathie und ihre Zusammenhänge. Das Konzept wurde von den kanadischen Psychologen Delroy L. Paulhus und Kevin M. Williams im Jahr 2002 geprägt. Die drei Merkmale werden unterschiedlich und unabhängig voneinander konzeptionalisiert; obwohl es empirische Hinweise auf eine Überlappung gibt. Sie sind mit einem gefühllos-manipulativen interpersonellen Stil verbunden.

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Rogoza, R., & Cieciuch, J.. (2020). Dark Triad traits and their structure: An empirical approach. Current Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9834-6
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“In the present research we investigated the structure of the dark triad of personality. on the basis of analyses performed on a broad spectrum of different items from different measures of traits usually included into the dark triad we provided support for the ideas that: (1) narcissism and the dark dyad are independent constructs; (2) it is possible to differentiate twelve meaningful dark facets in the pool of dark items from various measure of psychopathy, machiavellianism and narcissism; (3) these facets could be organized within a hierarchical structure, which suggests that machiavellianism as it is currently measured is an aspect of psychopathy in a similar manner as exhibitionism is an aspect of narcissism; (4) distinguished facets are organized in a theoretically predictable pattern of relations with basic personality traits and values, just as narcissism and the dark dyad are related to personality metatraits and higher order values.”

Lebuda, I., Figura, B., & Karwowski, M.. (2021). Creativity and the Dark Triad: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104088
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“This paper presents a meta-analysis of the relationships between creativity (creative potential, activities, and achievement) and the dark triad of personality: narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy. multilevel meta-analytic models demonstrated a small but significant positive association between creativity and narcissism (r = 0.15 [0.10, 0.29]) and machiavellianism (r = 0.06 [0.02, 0.09]), but not with psychopathy (r = 0.03 [-0.02, 0.07]). creativity measures (self-report-vs.-performance), aspects (self-perception, creative activity, creative abilities, creative achievements), and domains (general, art, science, and everyday creativity) moderated the links with the dark triad. we discuss the possible mechanism of associations between dark triad traits and creativity and highlight future research directions.”

Nowak, B., Brzóska, P., Piotrowski, J., Sedikides, C., Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., & Jonason, P. K.. (2020). Adaptive and maladaptive behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of Dark Triad traits, collective narcissism, and health beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110232
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“In a nationally representative sample from poland (n = 755), we examined the relationships between the dark triad traits (i.e., psychopathy, machiavellianism, and narcissism) and collective narcissism (i.e., agentic and communal) on the one hand, and behaviors related to the covid-19 pandemic at (1) the zero-order level, at (2) the latent variance level, and (3) indirectly through health beliefs about the virus (i.e., the health belief model) on the other. we focused on preventive and hoarding behaviors as common reactions toward the pandemic. participants characterized by the dark triad traits engaged less in prevention and more in hoarding, whereas those characterized by collective narcissism engaged in more hoarding only. coronavirus-related health beliefs mediated patterns of prevention (fully) and hoarding (partially) in the latent dark triad (dark core) and collective narcissism. however, specific beliefs worked in opposite directions, resulting in a weak indirect effect for prevention and a null indirect effect for hoarding. the results point to the utility of health beliefs in predicting behaviors during the pandemic, explaining (at least in part) problematic behaviors associated with the dark personalities (i.e., dark triad, collective narcissism).”

Kaufman, S. B., Yaden, D. B., Hyde, E., & Tsukayama, E.. (2019). The light vs. dark triad of personality: Contrasting two very different profiles of human nature. Frontiers in Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00467
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“While there is a growing literature on ‘dark traits’ (i.e., socially aversive traits), there has been a lack of integration with the burgeoning research literature on positive traits and fulfilling and growth-oriented outcomes in life. to help move the field toward greater integration, we contrasted the nomological network of the dark triad (a well-studied cluster of socially aversive traits) with the nomological network of the light triad, measured by the 12-item light triad scale (lts). the lts is a first draft measure of a loving and beneficent orientation toward others (‘everyday saints’) that consists of three facets: kantianism (treating people as ends unto themselves), humanism (valuing the dignity and worth of each individual), and faith in humanity (believing in the fundamental goodness of humans). across four demographically diverse samples (n = 1,518), the lts demonstrated excellent reliability and validity, predicting life satisfaction and a wide range of growth-oriented and self-transcendent outcomes above and beyond existing measures of personality. in contrast, the dark triad was negatively associated with life satisfaction and growth-oriented outcomes, and showed stronger linkages to selfish, exploitative, aggressive, and socially aversive outcomes. this exploratory study of the contrasting nomological networks of the light vs. dark triad provides several ways forward for more principled and data driven approaches to explore both the malevolent and beneficent sides of human nature.”

Wissing, B. G., & Reinhard, M. A.. (2019). The dark triad and deception perceptions. Frontiers in Microbiology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01811
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“The present cross-sectional study (n = 205) tested the hypothesis that the dark triad traits – narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy – and the pid-5 maladaptive personality traits – negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism – are associated with specific deception-related perceptions: perceived cue-based deception detectability, perceived deception production ability, and perceived deception detection ability. participants completed personality and deception measures in an online setting. all three dark triad traits and antagonism were associated with perceived deception production ability, but not (substantially) with perceived deception detection ability and cue-based deception detectability. the results provide a more fine-grained picture of biases associated with the dark triad traits in the context of deception and further support the relevance of antagonism and detachment as deception-relevant personality traits.”

Pineda, D., Sandín, B., & Muris, P.. (2020). Psychometrics properties of the Spanish version of two Dark Triad scales: The Dirty Dozen and the Short Dark Triad. Current Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9888-5
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“The dark triad refers to three malevolent personality traits, namely narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy. the dirty dozen (dd) and short dark triad (sd3) have been developed as concise scales for measuring these traits. this study examined the psychometrics properties of the spanish version of the dd and sd3 in a non-clinical population recruited via the internet (n = 454). for both scales, we found (1) an adequate fit for the hypothesized factor structure with three separate but correlated malevolent traits; (2) mostly moderate to good reliability coefficients; (3) significant gender differences with males scoring higher on dark triad traits than females; (4) theoretically meaningful links with eysenck’s personality supertraits; (5) positive correlations with externalizing and – albeit to a lesser extent –internalizing psychiatric symptoms; and (6) that most dark triad traits were positively associated with a socially desirable response tendency. it can be concluded that the spanish dd and sd3 display highly similar psychometric qualities as the original scales and other translations of these measures.”

Rogoza, R., & Cieciuch, J.. (2019). Structural Investigation of the Short Dark Triad Questionnaire in Polish Population. Current Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9653-1
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“Narcissism, machiavellianism and psychopathy are commonly referred to as the dark triad of personality. in the current study, we examined the structure of the dark triad measured by the polish version of the short dark triad (sd3). the study was conducted with 1012 individuals in poland. the analyses were performed in four steps: (1) the external validity of the sd3 was tested to provide evidence that sd3 is a valid measure of the three dark traits; (2) the structural validity of the sd3 was tested using competing models in confirmatory factor analyses; (3) the structure of narcissism was tested; and (4) the combined bifactor model of machiavellianism and psychopathy was tested. the results support the differentiation of the dark triad into a dark dyad (machiavellianism and psychopathy) and narcissism, which can be used in further theoretical work and new operationalization of the dark triad.”

Persson, B. N., Kajonius, P. J., & Garcia, D.. (2019). Revisiting the Structure of the Short Dark Triad. Assessment

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1073191117701192
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“In the past decade, extensive interest has been directed toward the dark triad (i.e., machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy), popularly assessed by the short dark triad (sd3). nevertheless, relatively little research has been conducted on the sd3’s factor structure. we investigated the sd3’s psychometric properties in three studies with three independent samples, using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (n 1 = 1,487; n 2 = 17,740; n 3 = 496). in all three studies, machiavellianism and psychopathy items displayed large general factor loadings, and narcissism larger specific factor loadings. in subsequent studies, two- and three-factor models fitted the data similarly, with the best fitting model being a bifactor model with items from machiavellianism and psychopathy modelled as one specific factor, and narcissism as a second specific factor. on this basis, we suggest that the sd3 does not seem to capture the different mental processes theorized to underlie the similar behaviors generated by machiavellianism and psychopathy. additionally, we recommend the use of a single sd3 composite score, and not subscale scores, as subscales contain small amounts of reliable variance beyond the general factor.”

Malesza, M., Ostaszewski, P., Büchner, S., & Kaczmarek, M. C.. (2019). The Adaptation of the Short Dark Triad Personality Measure – Psychometric Properties of a German Sample. Current Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9662-0
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“This research was designed to adapt and investigate the psychometric properties of the short dark triad measure (jones and paulhus assessment, 21(1), 28-41, 2014) in a german sample within four studies (total n = 1463); the measure evaluates three personality dimensions: narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism. the structure of the instrument was analysed by confirmatory factor analyses procedure. it indicated that the three-factor structure had the best fit to the data. next, the short dark triad measure was evaluated in terms of construct, convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency (≥.72), and test-retest reliability during a 4-week period (≥.73). concurrent validity of the sd3 was supported by relating its subscales to measures of the big five concept, aggression, and self-esteem. we concluded that the short dark triad instrument presented high cross-language replicability. the use of this short inventory in the investigation of the dark triad personality model in the german language context is suggested.”

Gluck, M., Heesacker, M., & Choi, H. D.. (2020). How much of the dark triad is accounted for by sexism?✰. Personality and Individual Differences

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109728
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“This study explores the relationship between sexism (both hostile and benevolent) and the dark-triad personality traits of narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism, using the ambivalent sexism inventory, the short dark triad, and the dirty dozen. it also assesses whether the genders differed in dark-triad scores, as in other studies, and whether any gender differences are mediated by sexism scores. in bivariate correlations, sexism accounted for 12%-17% of dark triad scores. the magnitude of correlations between sexism and dark-triad scores were similar for men and women. replicating earlier research, t-tests indicated that men had higher dark-triad scores than women. analyses of covariance indicated that these gender differences in dark triad scores were substantially, though not completely, accounted for by hostile sexism. these findings demonstrated that sexist ideology substantially predicted dark-triad scores, suggesting sexism as one source of dark-triad traits. though correlational, these findings are consistent with the idea that, the dark triad, unlike many other traits, is partly the result of sexism and the socially-supported, unearned male power and privilege that sexism reflects.”

Diller, S. J., Frey, D., & Jonas, E.. (2020). Coach me if you can! Dark triad clients, their effect on coaches, and how coaches deal with them. Coaching

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/17521882.2020.1784973
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“People with high dark triad levels, consisting of subclinical narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy, can have a destructive impact on their team members, subordinates, and the organisation. recent research has even found that the higher the leadership position, the more dark triad traits were displayed. as coaching is often for people in (higher) leadership positions, the following study with 64 coaches investigated the dark triad traits among their clients and how this affected the coach as well as the coaching. the results show that the higher the client’s leadership level was, the higher their dark triad level was perceived and, thus, the more anxious and distressed the coaches were regarding the client, leading to less coaching success. although the coaches did not name a definite strategy for dealing with such a client, the results showed that the higher their approach motivation was, the more successful the coaches was. the results depict the danger of high dark triad levels amongst coaching clients and its influences on the business coaching, implying theoretical and practical considerations.”

Wu, W., Su, Y., Huang, X., Liu, W., & Jiang, X.. (2020). The Dark Triad, Moral Disengagement, and Social Entrepreneurial Intention: Moderating Roles of Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking. Frontiers in Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01520
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“Past research about social entrepreneurial intention has centered on the impact of bright personalities; however, dark personalities such as the dark triad are also considered to have advantages. this study explored the relationship between the dark triad and social entrepreneurial intention by focusing on the mediating role of moral disengagement and the moderating role of empathic concern and perspective taking. based on a sample of 491 undergraduates and 412 students in a master in business administration program in china, the dark triad was found to be negatively related to social entrepreneurial intention through moral disengagement. moreover, high levels of empathic concern and perspective taking weakened the direct effect of the dark triad on moral disengagement, as well as the indirect effect of the dark triad on social entrepreneurial intention. our study extends the research in the field of personality and entrepreneurship. given the findings on the role of moral disengagement, empathic concern, and perspective taking, education efforts may assist in decreasing the negative effects of the dark triad on social entrepreneurial intention.”

LeBreton, J. M., Shiverdecker, L. K., & Grimaldi, E. M.. (2018). The dark triad and workplace behavior. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104451
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“Over the last 15 years, there has been growing fascination among scholars in studying ‘dark behaviors’ and ‘dark traits,’ especially as they are expressed in organizational contexts. one taxonomy of dark traits that has garnered special interest is the dark triad (dt), which is comprised of three toxic and malevolent traits: psychopathy, narcissism, and machiavellianism. this chapter offers a review of dt research, with a particular focus on research relevant to the organizational sciences. we begin with a definition of personality in general and the traits of the dt in particular, including a discussion of the clinical and subclinical variants of these traits. we then review literature linking the dt traits to an array of organizational outcomes, discuss how the dt traits may be assessed, and conclude with recommendations for future work.”

Jauk, E., & Dieterich, R.. (2019). Addiction and the Dark Triad of Personality. Frontiers in Psychiatry

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00662
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“In this article, we review associations between the dark triad of personality (narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy) and addictive behaviors, both substance-related and non-substance-related. we summarize evidence from personality and clinical research and integrate it with prevailing models of addiction. specifically, we discuss addictive behavior in the light of affect regulation, which is likely more relevant in narcissism, as well as inhibitory deficits, a putative mechanism in psychopathy. these mechanisms can be related to central motives of the respective personality constructs, such as stabilization of self-esteem in narcissism and impulsive stimulation seeking in psychopathy. we conclude that different mechanisms might lead to similar observable behavior in narcissism and psychopathy at earlier stages of the addiction cycle, but psychopathic disinhibition might be particularly relevant at later stages. this underpins the importance of considering personality factors for the understanding and treatment of addiction.”

Trombly, D. R. C., & Zeigler-Hill, V.. (2017). The Dark Triad and Disordered Gambling. Current Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s12144-016-9461-z
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“Disordered gambling refers to persistent and recurrent patterns of problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. the purpose of the present study was to examine the connections that the dark triad personality traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism) had with disordered gambling in a sample of 572 undergraduate students (129 men, 443 women). our analyses revealed that narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism were each related to disordered gambling. however, psychopathy was the only dark triad personality trait that had a unique association with the risk for disordered gambling when controlling for the other dark triad traits. the discussion focuses on the implications of these results for understanding the connections between psychopathy and disordered gambling.”

Włodarska, K. A., Zyskowska, E., Terebus, M. K., & Rogoza, R.. (2019). The Dark Triad and BIS/BAS: a Meta-Analysis. Current Psychology

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00467-8
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“Are there any temperamental predispositions to developing a dark personality traits? within the current paper we address this question by investigating relations between the temperamental traits of the behavioural inhibition and approach systems (bis and bas, respectively) and the dark triad traits of personality. for this purpose, we conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies with a total of 8911 participants. the results partially corroborated existing claims that the dark triad traits are a group of high-approach low-avoidance temperamental traits; however, the role of bas seems to be more important. among the dark triad traits, narcissism seems to be the most related to both the bis and the bas. psychopathy in turn seems to be mostly related to the fun-seeking facet of the bas. finally, machiavellianism appears to be the least related to temperamental traits. thus, it seems that only narcissism and psychopathy confirm the claim about a connection between the dark triad traits and a high-approach low-avoidance temperament.”

Brewer, G., Lyons, M., Perry, A., & O’Brien, F.. (2021). Dark Triad Traits and Perceptions of Sexual Harassment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0886260519827666
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“Those high on dark triad traits (narcissism, machiavellianism, primary and secondary psychopathy) are more likely to engage in sexual harassment and less likely to empathize with others. few studies have, however, considered the impact of dark triad traits on perceptions of sexually aggressive behavior performed by others. the present study investigated the relationship between dark triad traits and perceptions of sexual harassment. heterosexual women (n = 142) aged 18 to 50 years (m = 20.86, sd = 5.62) completed the npi-16 (narcissistic personality inventory), mach iv, levenson self-report psychopathy scale, and sexual harassment attitudes questionnaire. standard multiple regressions were conducted to investigate the extent to which dark triad traits predicted victim and perpetrator blame and attitudes toward victim responses to sexual harassment. primary psychopathy was the only significant individual predictor such that women with higher levels of the trait were more likely to blame the victim and less likely to blame the perpetrator. in addition, primary psychopathy was related to higher endorsement of victim compliance, and lower likelihood of supporting confrontation of the perpetrator.”

Wai Yen, T., Reer, F., & Thorsten, Q.. (2020). The interplay of gaming disorder, gaming motivations, and the dark triad. Journal of Behavioral Addictions

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00013
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“Background and aims: there is a considerable amount of research on the psychological antecedents and outcomes of gaming disorder. although many studies have examined various personality traits or motivations as predictors in isolation, fewer studies have investigated the mediations between personality traits and motivations. furthermore, the analyzed personality traits have been limited to a few core concepts, with the big five personality traits being a standard model in this context. however, more recently the dark triad of personality traits (machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) has been found to be associated with various forms of problematic online behavior and usage, such as online gambling, yet little is known about gaming disorder. the current study examines the relationship of these dark personality traits to gaming disorder with three gaming motivations (achievement, social, and escapism) as mediators. method: the study uses an online survey of 1,502 german digital game users. results: results indicate a fully mediated association for narcissism via escapism and partial mediation associations for machiavellianism and psychopathy. direct effects on gaming disorder were observed for machiavellianism and psychopathy. indirect effects by psychopathy were observed via escapism and social motivation, by narcissism via escapism, and by machiavellianism via social motivation. discussion and conclusions: these findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of the mediation of gaming motivations and the dark triad personality traits’ importance for gaming disorder.”

Dowgwillo, E. A., & Pincus, A. L.. (2017). Differentiating Dark Triad Traits Within and Across Interpersonal Circumplex Surfaces. Assessment

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1073191116643161
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“Recent discussions surrounding the dark triad (narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism) have centered on areas of distinctiveness and overlap. given that interpersonal dysfunction is a core feature of dark triad traits, the current study uses self-report data from 562 undergraduate students to examine the interpersonal characteristics associated with narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism on four interpersonal circumplex (ipc) surfaces. the distinctiveness of these characteristics was examined using a novel bootstrapping methodology for computing confidence intervals around circumplex structural summary method parameters. results suggest that dark triad traits exhibit distinct structural summary method parameters with narcissism characterized by high dominance, psychopathy characterized by a blend of high dominance and low affiliation, and machiavellianism characterized by low affiliation on the problems, values, and efficacies ipc surfaces. additionally, there was some heterogeneity in findings for different measures of psychopathy. gender differences in structural summary parameters were examined, finding similar parameter values despite mean-level differences in dark triad traits. finally, interpersonal information was integrated across different ipc surfaces to create profiles associated with each dark triad trait and to provide a more in-depth portrait of associated interpersonal dynamics.”

Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L.. (2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A Brief Measure of Dark Personality Traits. Assessment

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1073191113514105
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“Three socially aversive traits-machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy-have been studied as an overlapping constellation known as the dark triad. here, we develop and validate the short dark triad (sd3), a brief proxy measure. four studies (total n = 1,063) examined the structure, reliability, and validity of the subscales in both community and student samples. in studies 1 and 2, structural analyses yielded three factors with the final 27 items loading appropriately on their respective factors. study 3 confirmed that the resulting sd3 subscales map well onto the longer standard measures. study 4 validated the sd3 subscales against informant ratings. together, these studies indicate that the sd3 provides efficient, reliable, and valid measures of the dark triad of personalities. © the author(s) 2013.”

Maneiro, L., Navas, M. P., Van Geel, M., Cutrín, O., & Vedder, P.. (2020). Dark triad traits and risky behaviours: Identifying risk profiles from a person-centred approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176194
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“The relationship between dark triad traits and risky behaviours has been shown in recent years. however, few studies have attempted to disentangle this relationship using a person-centred approach. the goal of the current study was to identify subgroups of individuals on the basis of their scores on machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism and analyse the differences between them in a set of risky behaviours (i.e., frequency of substance use, reactive and proactive aggression, risk perception and risk engagement, and problematic internet use). the sample consisted of 317 undergraduates aged 18–34 (46% males). the results of the latent profile analysis showed five subgroups of individuals that were identified based on their scores on the dark triad traits: low-dark triad, narcissistic, machiavellian/narcissistic, psychopathic, and machiavellian/psychopathic. overall, the machiavellian/narcissistic and machiavellian/psychopathic subgroups showed higher scores for most risky behaviours. the low-dark triad scored higher for risk perception. no significant differences between subgroups were found as regards frequency of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use. these findings suggest that the combination of the dark triad traits lead to more negative outcomes as regards risky behaviour than individual components. moreover, they highlight the relevance of using a person-centred approach in the study of dark personalities.”

Jones, D. N., & Neria, A. L.. (2015). The Dark Triad and dispositional aggression. Personality and Individual Differences

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.021
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“Previous research has demonstrated that people who are callous are more likely to be interpersonally aggressive. the present study extends this finding to research on the ‘. dark triad’ traits (machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy), which all share a common core of callousness and manipulation. using crowd-sourcing and student samples, we examined the relationship between the dark triad traits with different facets of dispositional aggression. results indicated that a common dark triad factor (i.e., callousness and manipulation) predicted a common aggression factor. however, the individual dark triad traits uniquely predicted different facets of aggression. psychopathy positively predicted physical aggression, narcissism negatively predicted hostility, and machiavellianism positively predicted hostility. taken together, the findings shed light on the unique elements of the dark triad and their ability to predict unique forms of dispositional aggression.”

Harrison, A., Summers, J., & Mennecke, B.. (2018). The Effects of the Dark Triad on Unethical Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s10551-016-3368-3
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“This article uses behavioral theories to develop an ethical decision-making model that describes how psychological factors affect the development of unethical intentions to commit fraud. we evaluate the effects of the dark triad of personality traits (i.e., psychopathy, machiavellianism, and narcissism) on fraud intentions and behaviors. we use a combination of survey results, an experiment, and structural equation modeling to empirically test our model. the theoretical insights demonstrate that psychopathy, machiavellianism, and narcissism affect different parts of the unethical decision-making process. narcissism motivates individuals to act unethically for their personal benefit and changes their perceptions of their abilities to successfully commit fraud. machiavellianism motivates individuals not only to act unethically, but also alters perceptions about the opportunities that exist to deceive others. psychopathy has a prominent effect on how individuals rationalize their fraudulent behaviors. accordingly, we find that the dark triad elements act in concert as powerful psychological antecedents to fraud behaviors.”

Lyons, M., Houghton, E., Brewer, G., & O’Brien, F.. (2020). The Dark Triad and Sexual Assertiveness Predict Sexual Coercion Differently in Men and Women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0886260520922346
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“Sexual coercion is a global problem that has been studied widely with regard to various characteristics of the perpetrators. the dark triad of personality (i.e., narcissism, machiavellianism, and primary and secondary psychopathy) has been indicated as an important predictor of coercive cognitions and behaviors. in this study, we report findings of an online study (n = 208), exploring the relationship between sexual coercion, the dark triad, and sexual assertiveness (i.e., strategies for achieving sexual autonomy). we found that the dark triad was a stronger predictor of sexual coercion in men than in women. in men, all the dark triad components were significantly, positively correlated with sexual coercion, and narcissism and machiavellianism had significant, negative correlations with sexual assertiveness. in women, only narcissism had a significant, positive correlation with sexual coercion, and the dark triad traits were not correlated with sexual assertiveness. in regression analyses, controlling for shared variance between the predictor variables, high secondary psychopathy, and low sexual assertiveness emerged as significant predictors of coercion in men. only narcissism was a significant positive predictor in women. we discuss the results with a reference to evolutionary life history theory.”

Crysel, L. C., Crosier, B. S., & Webster, G. D.. (2013). The Dark Triad and risk behavior. Personality and Individual Differences

Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.029
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“The dark triad traits-machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy-are theorized to facilitate short-term, exploitative social tactics. thus, the dark triad traits should be positively related to (a) similar short-term-focused traits such as impulsivity and sensation-seeking, and (b) risky behaviors. in two studies (n>. 1400), we examined the relationships among the dark triad traits and impulsivity and sensation-seeking. in study 2, we incorporated risk behaviors, including blackjack betting and temporal discounting of money. both studies showed positive relationships among the dark triad traits and impulsivity and sensation-seeking. study 2 showed positive relationships among the dark triad traits, blackjack betting, and steeper temporal discounting. an experimentally manipulated ego threat in study 2 marginally moderated the narcissism-discounting relationship; ego-threatened participants had a significantly positive relationship, whereas those who were not threatened showed no relationship. we discuss implications of the dark triad traits for understanding risk behavior. © 2012 elsevier ltd.”