Gates prophezeit zweite Pandemie

Der nächste Virus wird WIRKLICH Aufmerksamkeit erregen, sagt Bill Gates (mit einem Lachen).

Global vaccine action plan 2011-2020

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“Odorants create unique and overlapping patterns of olfactory receptor activation, allowing a family of approximately 1, 000 murine and 400 human receptors to recognize thousands of odorants. odorant ligands have been published for fewer than 6% of human receptors1-11. this lack of data is due in part to difficulties functionally expressing these receptors in heterologous systems. here, we describe a method for expressing the majority of the olfactory receptor family in hana3a cells, followed by high-throughput assessment of olfactory receptor activation using a luciferase reporter assay. this assay can be used to (1) screen panels of odorants against panels of olfactory receptors; (2) confirm odorant/receptor interaction via dose response curves; and (3) compare receptor activation levels among receptor variants. in our sample data, 328 olfactory receptors were screened against 26 odorants. odorant/receptor pairs with varying response scores were selected and tested in dose response. these data indicate that a screen is an effective method to enrich for odorant/receptor pairs that will pass a dose response experiment, i.e. receptors that have a bona fide response to an odorant. therefore, this high-throughput luciferase assay is an effective method to characterize olfactory receptors-an essential step toward a model of odor coding in the mammalian olfactory system.”

Crespo, E. L., Bjorefeldt, A., Prakash, M., & Hochgeschwender, U.. (2021). Bioluminescent Optogenetics 2.0: Harnessing Bioluminescence to Activate Photosensory Proteins In Vitro and In Vivo. Journal of Visualized Experiments
Plain numerical DOI: 10.3791/62850
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“Bioluminescence - light emitted by a luciferase enzyme oxidizing a small molecule substrate, a luciferin - has been used in vitro and in vivo to activate light-gated ion channels and pumps in neurons. while this bioluminescent optogenetics (bl-og) approach confers a chemogenetic component to optogenetic tools, it is not limited to use in neuroscience. rather, bioluminescence can be harnessed to activate any photosensory protein, thus enabling the manipulation of a multitude of light-mediated functions in cells. a variety of luciferase-luciferin pairs can be matched with photosensory proteins requiring different wavelengths of light and light intensities. depending on the specific application, efficient light delivery can be achieved by using luciferase-photoreceptor fusion proteins or by simple co-transfection. photosensory proteins based on light-dependent dimerization or conformational changes can be driven by bioluminescence to effect cellular processes from protein localization, regulation of intracellular signaling pathways to transcription. the protocol below details the experimental execution of bioluminescence activation in cells and organisms and describes the results using bioluminescence-driven recombinases and transcription factors. the protocol provides investigators with the basic procedures for carrying out bioluminescent optogenetics in vitro and in vivo. the described approaches can be further extended and individualized to a multitude of different experimental paradigms.”

Srinivasan, P., Griffin, N. M., Joshi, P., Thakur, D., Nguyen-Le, A., McCotter, S., … Theogarajan, L.. (2019). An Autonomous Molecular Bioluminescent Reporter (AMBER) for voltage imaging in freely moving animals. BioRxiv
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1101/845198
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“Genetically encoded reporters have greatly increased our understanding of biology, especially in neuroscience. while fluorescent reporters have been widely used, light delivery and phototoxicity have hindered their utility. bioluminescence overcomes some of these challenges but requires the addition of an exogenous luciferin limiting its use. using a modular approach we have engineered autonomous molecular bioluminescent reporter (amber), an indicator of membrane potential. unlike other luciferase-luciferin bioluminescent systems amber encodes the genes to express both the luciferase and luciferin. amber is a voltage-gated luciferase coupling the functionalities of the ciona voltage sensing domain (vsd) and bacterial luciferase, luxab. when amber is co-expressed with the luciferin producing genes it reversibly switches the bioluminescent intensity as a function of membrane potential. utilizing both biophysical and biochemical methods we show that unlike other voltage indicators amber modulates its enzymatic activity as a function of the membrane potential. amber shows a several fold increase in the luminescent (δl/l) output upon switching from off to on state when the cell is depolarized. in vivo expression of amber in c. elegans allowed detecting pharyngeal pumping action and mechanosensory neural activity from multiple worms simultaneously. since we are able to report neural activity of multiple animals at the same time, we believe amber can be used in social behavior assays to elucidate the role of membrane potential underlying the behaviors.”

Carullo, N. V. N., Hinds, J. E., Revanna, J. S., Tuscher, J. J., Bauman, A. J., & Day, J. J.. (2021). A cre-dependent crispr/dcas9 system for gene expression regulation in neurons. ENeuro
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0188-21.2021
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“Site-specific genetic and epigenetic targeting of distinct cell populations is a central goal in molecular neuroscience and is crucial to understand the gene regulatory mechanisms that underlie complex phenotypes and behaviors. while recent technological advances have enabled unprecedented control over gene expression, many of these approaches are focused on selected model organisms and/or require labor-intensive customization for different applications. the simplicity and modularity of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crispr)-based systems have transformed genome editing and expanded the gene regulatory toolbox. however, there are few available tools for cell-selective crispr regulation in neurons. we designed, validated, and optimized crispr activation (crispra) and crispr interference (crispri) systems for cre recombinase-dependent gene regulation. unexpectedly, crispra systems based on a traditional double-floxed inverted open reading frame (dio) strategy exhibited leaky target gene induction even without cre. therefore, we developed an intron-containing cre-dependent crispra system (svi-dio-dcas9-vpr) that alleviated leaky gene induction and outperformed the traditional dio system at endogenous genes in hek293t cells and rat primary neuron cultures. using gene-specific crispr sgrnas, we demonstrate that svi-dio-dcas9-vpr can activate numerous rat or human genes (grm2, tent5b, fos, sstr2, andgadd45b) in a cre-specific manner. to illustrate the versatility of this tool, we created a parallel crispri construct that successfully inhibited expression from a luciferase reporter in hek293t cells only in the presence of cre. these results provide a robust framework for cre-dependent crispr-dcas9 approaches across different model systems, and enable cell-specific targeting when combined with common cre driver lines or cre delivery via viral vectors.”

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Hydrogel in der Neurowissenschaft

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cL3e8tC8TwE

Eigel, D., Werner, C., & Newland, B.. (2021). Cryogel biomaterials for neuroscience applications. Neurochemistry International
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105012
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“Biomaterials in the form of 3d polymeric scaffolds have been used to create structurally and functionally biomimetic constructs of nervous system tissue. such constructs can be used to model defects and disease or can be used to supplement neuronal tissue regeneration and repair. one such group of biomaterial scaffolds are hydrogels, which have been widely investigated for cell/tissue culture and as cell or molecule delivery systems in the field of neurosciences. however, a subset of hydrogels called cryogels, have shown to possess several distinct structural advantages over conventional hydrogel networks. their macroporous structure, created via the time and resource efficient fabrication process (cryogelation) not only allows mass fluid transport throughout the structure, but also creates a high surface area to volume ratio for cell growth or drug loading. in addition, the macroporous structure of cryogels is ideal for applications in the central nervous system as they are very soft and spongey, yet also robust, which makes them a user-friendly and reproducible tool to address neuroscience challenges. in this review, we aim to provide the neuroscience community, who may not be familiar with the fundamental concepts of cryogels, an accessible summary of the basic information that pertain to their use in the brain and nervous tissue. we hope that this review shall initiate creative ways that cryogels could be further adapted and employed to tackle unsolved neuroscience challenges.”

Aurand, E. R., Lampe, K. J., & Bjugstad, K. B.. (2012). Defining and designing polymers and hydrogels for neural tissue engineering. Neuroscience Research
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2011.12.005
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“The use of biomaterials, such as hydrogels, as neural cell delivery devices is becoming more common in areas of research such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury. when reviewing the available research there is some ambiguity in the type of materials used and results are often at odds. this review aims to provide the neuroscience community who may not be familiar with fundamental concepts of hydrogel construction, with basic information that would pertain to neural tissue applications, and to describe the use of hydrogels as cell and drug delivery devices. we will illustrate some of the many tunable properties of hydrogels and the importance of these properties in obtaining reliable and consistent results. it is our hope that this review promotes creative ideas for ways that hydrogels could be adapted and employed for the treatment of a broad range of neurological disorders. © 2011 elsevier ireland ltd and the japan neuroscience society.”

Wu, X., He, L., Li, W., Li, H., Wong, W. M., Ramakrishna, S., & Wu, W.. (2017). Functional self-assembling peptide nanofiber hydrogel for peripheral nerve regeneration. Regenerative Biomaterials
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbw034
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“Peripheral nerves are fragile and easily damaged, usually resulting in nervous tissue loss, motor and sensory function loss. advances in neuroscience and engineering have been significantly contributing to bridge the damage nerve and create permissive environment for axonal regrowth across lesions. we have successfully designed two self-assembling peptides by modifying rada 16-i with two functional motifs ikvav and rgd. nanofiber hydrogel formed when combing the two neutral solutions together, defined as rada 16-mix that overcomes the main drawback of rada16-i associated with low ph. in the present study, we transplanted the rada 16-mix hydrogel into the transected rat sciatic nerve gap and effect on axonal regeneration was examined and compared with the traditional rada16-i hydrogel. the regenerated nerves were found to grow along the walls of the large cavities formed in the graft of rada16-i hydrogel, while the nerves grew into the rada 16-mix hydrogel toward distal position. rada 16-mix hydrogel induced more axons regeneration and schwann cells immigration than rada16-i hydrogel, resulting in better functional recovery as determined by the gait-stance duration percentage and the formation of new neuromuscular junction structures. therefore, our results indicated that the functional sap rada16-mix nanofibrous hydrogel provided a better environment for peripheral nerve regeneration than rada16-i hydrogel and could be potentially used in peripheral nerve injury repair.”

Sunwoo, S. H., Han, S. I., Joo, H., Cha, G. D., Kim, D., Choi, S. H., … Kim, D. H.. (2020). Advances in Soft Bioelectronics for Brain Research and Clinical Neuroengineering. Matter
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.matt.2020.10.020
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“Recent advances in bioelectronics, such as skin-mounted electroencephalography sensors, multi-channel neural probes, and closed-loop deep brain stimulators, have enabled electrophysiological brain activities to be both monitored and modulated. despite this remarkable progress, major challenges remain, which stem from the inherent mechanical, chemical, and electrical differences that exist between brain tissues and bioelectronics. new approaches are therefore required to address these mismatches between biotic and abiotic systems. here, we review recent technological advances that minimize such mismatches by using unconventional soft materials, such as silicon/metal nanowires, functionalized hydrogels, and stretchable conductive nanocomposites, as well as customized fabrication processes and novel device designs. the resulting novel, soft bioelectronic devices provide new opportunities for brain research and clinical neuroengineering. advances in bioelectronics for neuroscience and neuroengineering have enabled continuous monitoring of electrophysiological signals and feedback modulation of abnormal brain activities. despite such progress, there remain issues in terms of long-term high-quality neural interfacing, mainly owing to inherent mechanical, chemical, and electrical mismatches between the device and the brain tissue. new approaches, therefore, are required to address these discrepancies between the biotic and abiotic system. this review introduces technological advances that potentially solve such issues by using soft materials and devices. specifically, we summarize recent progress in soft materials, such as nanoscale materials, conductive polymers, functionalized hydrogels, and stretchable conductive nanocomposites. these unconventional materials, combined with customized processing techniques and device designs, provide novel soft device solutions for brain science and clinical neuroengineering. techniques for recording and modulating neural activities are essential for brain science and clinical neuroengineering. this review introduces recent progress on unconventional soft materials and their processing techniques for the fabrication of soft bioelectronic devices. such approaches could reduce the inherence discrepancies, including mechanical, chemical, and electrical mismatches, between the bioelectronic device and the brain tissue. as a result, the soft bioelectronic devices have successfully enabled high-quality neural interfacing in vivo …”

Liu, S., Zhao, Y., Hao, W., Zhang, X. D., & Ming, D.. (2020). Micro- and nanotechnology for neural electrode-tissue interfaces. Biosensors and Bioelectronics
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112645
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“Implantable neural electrodes can record and regulate neural activities with high spatial resolution of single-neuron and high time resolution of sub-millisecond, which are the most extensive window in neuroscience research. however, the mechanical mismatch between conventional stiff electrodes and soft neural tissue can lead to inflammatory responses and degradation of signals in chronic recordings. although remarkable breakthroughs have been made in sensing and regulation of neural signals, the long-term stability and chronic inflammatory response of the neural electrode-tissue interfaces still needs further development. in this review, we focus on the latest developments for the optimization of neural electrode-tissue interfaces, including electrode materials (graphene fiber-based and cnt fiber-based), electrode structures (flexible electrodes), nano-coatings and hydrogel-based neural interfaces. the parameters of impedance, charge injection limit, signal-to-noise ratio and neuron lost zone are used to evaluate the electrochemical performance of the devices, the recording performance of biosignals and the stability of the neural interfaces, respectively. these optimization methods can effectively improve the long-term stability and the chronic inflammatory response of neural interfaces during the recording and modulation of biosignals.”

Millet, L. J., & Gillette, M. U.. (2012). Over a century of neuron culture: From the hanging drop to microfluidic devices. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine

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“The brain is the most intricate, energetically active, and plastic organ in the body. these features extend to its cellular elements, the neurons and glia. understanding neurons, or nerve cells, at the cellular and molecular levels is the cornerstone of modern neuroscience. the complexities of neuron structure and function require unusual methods of culture to determine how aberrations in or between cells give rise to brain dysfunction and disease. here we review the methods that have emerged over the past century for culturing neurons in vitro, from the landmark finding by harrison (1910) - that neurons can be cultured outside the body - to studies utilizing culture vessels, micro-islands, campenot and brain slice chambers, and microfluidic technologies. we conclude with future prospects for neuronal culture and considerations for advancement. we anticipate that continued innovation in culture methods will enhance design capabilities for temporal control of media and reagents (chemotemporal control) within sub-cellular environments of three-dimensional fluidic spaces (microfluidic devices) and materials (e.g., hydrogels). they will enable new insights into the complexities of neuronal development and pathology. © 2012.”

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Zuckerberg über Zensur

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Genetische Manipulation und Patentrecht: Eine extrem wichtige Frage!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHIocNOHd7A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QC6HFEIgvDM

Als Craig Venter et al. den ersten synthetischen Organismus erschufen kodierten Sie Ihre Namen und weitere Informationen in den DNA Kode um den Nachweis zweifelohne führen zu können das Sie der Erschaffer dieses Genkomplexes sind.

https://www.spiegel.de/wissenschaft/natur/erster-kuenstlicher-organismus-sie-sollen-tun-was-wir-wollen-a-696057.html

Genetisch Manipulierte Organismen (GMOs) können patentiert werden - nicht-GMOs können nicht patentiert werden. Die extrem wichtige Frage ist: Wem gehören die veränderten Gensequenzen die den Menschen momentan unter falscehm Vorwand der "Impfung" injeziert werden? Wie seiht das Ganze patentrechtlich aus?
--

Jiang, L.. (2020). Commercialization of the gene-edited crop and morality: challenges from the liberal patent law and the strict GMO law in the EU. New Genetics and Society
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/14636778.2019.1686968
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“The eu aspires to utilize the economic advantages of gene-editing technology on one hand and ensure human health and environmental safety on the other. surrounding the fierce debates over emerging gene-edited plant, the current debate focused on the issue of whether the gene-edited crop should be within or outside the gmo law and its implication for innovation. it should not be forgotten that it is also involved in the complex patentability issues pertaining to the legal interpretation of the patent law. the gene-edited crop is governed by gmo regulations due to its potential risk to human health and environmental safety. but it is heavily patented, as patent regulations ignore its potential risk. this article examines the discrepancy of the gene-edited crop between the existing gmo law and the patent law and reveals the challenges to current eu jurisdiction, including the international trade impediment challenge, the patent monopoly challenge, the market confusion challenge, and the agricultural economy suspension challenge. in the end, this article argues that eu gmo regulations should be bridged with a patent system in facing the regulatory challenges from the gene-edited crop.”

Medvedieva, M. O., & Blume, Y. B.. (2018). Legal Regulation of Plant Genome Editing with the CRISPR/Cas9 Technology as an Example. Cytology and Genetics
Plain numerical DOI: 10.3103/S0095452718030106
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“The product-oriented and the process-oriented legal approaches to the regulation of genome editing technologies, crispr/cas9 in particular, are considered. the relevant legislation of the united states and the european union and some international treaties are analyzed. the issue of genome editing that is within the scope of gmo legislation and general legislation on risk assessment and regulation is addressed. the issue of patenting of gene editing technologies in the legislation of the united states and the european union and under international law is considered. ‘patent wars’ between research teams that developed the crispr/cas9 technology are described. the possibilities of obtaining patent protection for plants produced by genome editing are considered.”

Crespi, R. S.. (2000). An Analysis of Moral Issues Affecting Patenting Inventions in the Life Sciences: A European Perspective. Science and Engineering Ethics
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s11948-000-0045-8
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“Following the 1980 us supreme court decision to allow a patent on a living organism, debate has continued on the moral issues involved in biotechnology patents of many kinds and remains a contentious issue for those opposed to the use of biotechnology in industry and agriculture. attitudes to patenting in the life sciences, including those of the research scientists themselves, are analysed. the relevance of morality to patent law is discussed here in an international context with particular reference to the law of the european patent convention administered by the european patent office (epo). the epo has been the principal forum for opposition to such patents and the few cases under dispute in the epo are reviewed, including patents for the onco-mouse, human relaxin gene, and the pgs herbicidally resistant plant (gmo). morality provisions in the european parliament and council directive 98/44/ec are also summarised.”

Carpenter, C.. (2010). Seeds of Doubt: The European Court of Justice’s Decision in Monsanto v. Cefetra and the Effect on European Biotechnology Patent Law. International Lawyer

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“Monsanto technology llc v. cefetra bv" was the first european court of justice (ecj) interpretation of the twelve-year-old european union biotechnology directive (directive 98/44/eg), which established the foundation for patenting genetic material in member countries. 2 the ecj’s decision effectively limited the scope of the directive, and conse- quently, european biotechnology patent protection by determining that genetic patents are only effective when the patented gene ‘perform[s] the function for which it is pat- ented[.]’ 3 the first part of this paper will discuss the history of the parties in dispute and the industry that is becoming familiar to this kind of dispute. the second and third parts will focus on the specific case that is the focus of this paper, and the final portion will analyze the effect this case had and will continue to have on patent law, particularly in the european union and argentina.”

Zimny, T.. (2015). Recent changes to EU law on GMOs and their potential influence on the patentability of GM plants. Some remarks on possible side effects of directive 2015/412/EU. Biotechnologia
Plain numerical DOI: 10.5114/bta.2015.54185
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“In this article i present recent changes in eu legislation on the cultivation of gm plants and i attempt to answer the question as to whether the new laws continue to follow the precautionary principle approach and the case by case approach that characterized the european union’s gmo legislation until recently. also, given the nature of the newly introduced grounds for restricting the cultivation of gmos, i try to find out if the new legislation could influence the patentability of transgenic plants or methods of their production. while growing in popularity around the world, transgenic plants face strong opposition within the european union. recent changes to eu legislation governing the cultivation of gm plants are just another example of the said opposition. directive (eu) 2015/412 of the european parliament and of the council amending directive 2001/18/ec provided member states with means to restrict or effectively prohibit cultivation of genetically engineered plants in their territories, even if such plants have already been authorized for cultivation in the eu. the reasons countries can currently invoke in order to introduce limitations are no longer restricted to bio-safety, but rather encompass a set of political and social issues such as socioeconomic impacts, avoidance of gmo presence in other products, agricultural policy objectives, public policy etc. they are to a much lesser extent (than up till now) based on the precautionary principle, as possible restrictions will also concern already examined and authorized gmos. restrictions no longer need to target particular transformation events, they can now encompass certain traits or crops. when it comes to the patentability of gm plants or methods of their production, the recent changes seem to have limited influence, given the european patent office’s stance on the application of morality and ‘ordre public’ exclusions and its relative independence from eu law. the possibility cannot be excluded that local laws adopted on the basis of the newly introduced changes could influence procedures before local patent office, should those offices decide to apply the morality or ‘ordre public’ exception to patentability. the newly adopted laws have a rather different effect, though. the profitability of developing gm plants in the eu (and their patenting) may become questionable, should the exploitation of such inventions be prohibited in several eu member states.”

Beslac, M., & Coric, G.. (2017). Financial and production aspects of genetically modified organisms. Ekonomika Poljoprivrede
Plain numerical DOI: 10.5937/ekopolj1704583b
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“The purpose and goal of this research is to familiarize the general community, especially agricultural producers with the problem of financing the cultivation and trade of gmo and the problems serbia is facing in the process of joining the eu. the paper uses an experimental method, the method of analysis, synthesis, induction and deduction, and presents the results which have been obtained by surveying 163 farmers from vojvodina. the main results of this study show that, if the law so regulates, most agricultural producers agree to produce gmos, but only if the conditions for the traditional production do not provide acceptable yield and income. the contribution of this paper is that it has shown that gmos are such organisms that would never have been created in nature and that they actually represent a patent for certain organizations. it has also shown that there is a need for informing and educating farmers in the field of gmos as well as the need for further research on this topic.”

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Speicherung von medizinischen Informationen unter der Hautoberfläche

McHugh, K. J., Jing, L., Severt, S. Y., Cruz, M., Sarmadi, M., Jayawardena, H. S. N., … Jaklenec, A.. (2019). Biocompatible near-infrared quantum dots delivered to the skin by microneedle patches record vaccination. Science Translational Medicine, 11(523)
Plain numerical DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay7162
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“Accurate medical recordkeeping is a major challenge in many low-resource settings where well-maintained centralized databases do not exist, contributing to 1.5 million vaccine-preventable deaths annually. here, we present an approach to encode medical history on a patient using the spatial distribution of biocompatible, near-infrared quantum dots (nir qds) in the dermis. qds are invisible to the naked eye yet detectable when exposed to nir light. qds with a copper indium selenide core and aluminum-doped zinc sulfide shell were tuned to emit in the nir spectrum by controlling stoichiometry and shelling time. the formulation showing the greatest resistance to photobleaching after simulated sunlight exposure (5-year equivalence) through pigmented human skin was encapsulated in microparticles for use in vivo. in parallel, microneedle geometry was optimized in silico and validated ex vivo using porcine and synthetic human skin. qd-containing microparticles were then embedded in dissolvable microneedles and administered to rats with or without a vaccine. longitudinal in vivo imaging using a smartphone adapted to detect nir light demonstrated that microneedle-delivered qd patterns remained bright and could be accurately identified using a machine learning algorithm 9 months after application. in addition, codelivery with inactivated poliovirus vaccine produced neutralizing antibody titers above the threshold considered protective. these findings suggest that intradermal qds can be used to reliably encode information and can be delivered with a vaccine, which may be particularly valuable in the developing world and open up new avenues for decentralized data storage and biosensing.”

Full text: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7532118/?report=reader

URL: https://news.mit.edu/2019/storing-vaccine-history-skin-1218

Auto translated:

Ein spezieller unsichtbarer Farbstoff, der zusammen mit einem Impfstoff verabreicht wird, könnte die Speicherung der Impfhistorie am Patienten ermöglichen und so Leben in Regionen retten, in denen weder Papier noch digitale Aufzeichnungen zur Verfügung stehen.
Anne Trafton | MIT-Nachrichtenbüro
Veröffentlicht am:
Dezember 18, 2019
Presseanfragen
Illustration eines Pflasters mit Mikronadeln, das auf die Haut aufgetragen wird.
Bildunterschrift:
Eine große Herausforderung für Impfkampagnen in einigen Entwicklungsregionen besteht darin, dass es nur wenig Infrastruktur für die Speicherung medizinischer Daten gibt, so dass es oft keine einfache Möglichkeit gibt, festzustellen, wer einen bestimmten Impfstoff oder eine Auffrischungsimpfung benötigt. MIT-Ingenieure haben eine Möglichkeit entwickelt, Informationen über den Impfstoffverlauf eines Patienten unter der Haut zu speichern. Dazu wird ein unsichtbarer Quantenpunkt-Farbstoff verwendet, der zusammen mit einem Impfstoff über ein Mikronadelpflaster verabreicht wird.
Credits:
Bild: Second Bay Studios

Anmerkung des Herausgebers: Dieser Artikel wurde aktualisiert, um klarzustellen, dass diese Forschung entwickelt wurde, um vermeidbare Todesfälle in Teilen der Welt zu verhindern, in denen es keine Papier- oder digitalen Systeme zur Speicherung der Impfdaten von Patienten gibt. Viele Impfstoffe erfordern mehrere Dosen in bestimmten Abständen; ohne genaue Aufzeichnungen erhalten die Menschen möglicherweise nicht alle erforderlichen Dosen. Die Methode befindet sich noch im Versuchsstadium und wird für keine der aktuellen Impfungen, einschließlich der Covid-19-Impfstoffe, verwendet.

Jedes Jahr führt ein Mangel an Impfungen zu etwa 1,5 Millionen vermeidbaren Todesfällen, vor allem in Entwicklungsländern. Ein Faktor, der Impfkampagnen in diesen Ländern erschwert, ist die geringe Infrastruktur für die Speicherung medizinischer Daten, so dass es oft keine einfache Möglichkeit gibt, festzustellen, wer einen bestimmten Impfstoff benötigt.

MIT-Forscher haben nun eine neue Methode entwickelt, um die Impfhistorie eines Patienten zu erfassen: Sie speichern die Daten in einem für das bloße Auge unsichtbaren Farbmuster, das gleichzeitig mit dem Impfstoff unter die Haut verabreicht wird.

"In Gebieten, in denen Impfausweise in Papierform oft verloren gehen oder gar nicht existieren und elektronische Datenbanken unbekannt sind, könnte diese Technologie eine schnelle und anonyme Erfassung der Impfhistorie von Patienten ermöglichen, um sicherzustellen, dass jedes Kind geimpft wird", sagt Kevin McHugh, ein ehemaliger Postdoc am MIT, der jetzt Assistenzprofessor für Bioengineering an der Rice University ist.

Die Forscher haben gezeigt, dass ihr neuer Farbstoff, der aus Nanokristallen, so genannten Quantenpunkten, besteht, mindestens fünf Jahre lang unter der Haut verbleiben kann, wo er Nahinfrarotlicht aussendet, das von einem speziell ausgerüsteten Smartphone erkannt werden kann.

McHugh und der ehemalige Gastwissenschaftler Lihong Jing sind die Hauptautoren der Studie, die heute in Science Translational Medicine erscheint. Ana Jaklenec, wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research des MIT, und Robert Langer, Professor am David H. Koch Institute des MIT, sind die Hauptautoren der Studie.

Ein unsichtbarer Rekord

Vor einigen Jahren machte sich das MIT-Team daran, eine Methode zur Aufzeichnung von Impfinformationen zu entwickeln, die keine zentrale Datenbank oder andere Infrastruktur erfordert. Viele Impfstoffe, wie z. B. der Impfstoff gegen Masern, Mumps und Röteln (MMR), erfordern mehrere Dosen, die in bestimmten Abständen verabreicht werden müssen; ohne genaue Aufzeichnungen erhalten Kinder möglicherweise nicht alle erforderlichen Dosen.

"Um gegen die meisten Krankheitserreger geschützt zu sein, braucht man mehrere Impfungen", sagt Jaklenec. "In einigen Gebieten in den Entwicklungsländern kann dies sehr schwierig sein, da es an Daten darüber mangelt, wer geimpft wurde und ob zusätzliche Impfungen erforderlich sind oder nicht".

Um eine dezentralisierte Patientenakte zu erstellen, entwickelten die Forscher eine neue Art von Quantenpunkten auf Kupferbasis, die Licht im nahen Infrarotspektrum aussenden. Die Dots haben nur einen Durchmesser von etwa 4 Nanometern, sind aber in biokompatible Mikropartikel eingekapselt, die Kugeln mit einem Durchmesser von etwa 20 Mikrometern bilden. Durch diese Verkapselung kann der Farbstoff nach der Injektion unter der Haut verbleiben.

Die Forscher haben ihren Farbstoff so konzipiert, dass er nicht mit einer herkömmlichen Spritze und Nadel, sondern mit einem Mikronadelpflaster verabreicht wird. Solche Pflaster werden derzeit entwickelt, um Impfstoffe gegen Masern, Röteln und andere Krankheiten zu verabreichen, und die Forscher zeigten, dass ihr Farbstoff problemlos in diese Pflaster eingearbeitet werden kann.

Die in dieser Studie verwendeten Mikronadeln bestehen aus einer Mischung aus auflösbarem Zucker und einem Polymer namens PVA sowie aus dem Quantenpunkt-Farbstoff und dem Impfstoff. Wenn das Pflaster auf die Haut geklebt wird, lösen sich die 1,5 Millimeter langen Mikronadeln teilweise auf und geben ihre Ladung innerhalb von etwa zwei Minuten frei.

Durch das selektive Einbringen von Mikropartikeln in die Mikronadeln erzeugen die Pflaster ein Muster in der Haut, das mit bloßem Auge nicht sichtbar ist, aber mit einem Smartphone ohne Infrarotfilter gescannt werden kann. Das Pflaster kann so angepasst werden, dass je nach Art des verabreichten Impfstoffs unterschiedliche Muster aufgedruckt werden.

"Es ist denkbar, dass dieser 'unsichtbare' Ansatz eines Tages neue Möglichkeiten für die Datenspeicherung, die Biosensorik und die Impfung schaffen könnte."

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Etymologie des Terminus „Pandemie“

Das Adjektiv griech. epidḗmios (ἐπιδήμιος) 'im ganzen Volk, über das ganze Volk verbreitet', zu griech. dḗmos (δῆμος) 'Volk', wird schon von griechischen Ärzten auf eine sich rasch ausbreitende ansteckende Krankheit bezogen; dazu gehört das Abstraktum epidēmía (ἐπιδημία) 'Verbreitung' (einer Krankheit).
Der Begriff "Pandemie", aus dem Griechischen pandēmos, was "alle Menschen" bedeutet, geht zusammen mit dem Wort "Panik" auf den griechischen Naturgott Pan zurück (cf. Panflöte).

Freud schreibt in Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse:
Man wird nicht erwarten dürfen, daß der Gebrauch des Wortes »Panik« scha rf und eindeutig bes timmt sei. Manchmal bezeichnet man so jede Massenangst, andere Male auch die Angst eines Einzelnen, wenn sie über jedes Maß hinausgeht, häufig scheint der Name für den Fall reserviert, daß der Angstausbruch durch den Anlaß nich t gerechtfertigt wird. Nehmen wir das Wort »Panik« im Sinne der Massenangst, so können wir eine weitgehende Analogie be- haupten. Die Angst des Individuums wird her vorgerufen entweder durch die Größe der Gefahr oder durch das Auflassen von Gefühl sbindungen (Libidobesetzungen); der letz- tere Fall ist der der neurotischen Angst.24 Ebenso entsteht die Panik durch die Steige- rung der alle betreffenden Gefahr oder durch das Aufhören der die Masse zusammen- haltenden Gefühlsbindungen, und dieser letzte Fall ist der neurot ischen Angst analog. (Vgl. hiezu den gedankenreichen, etwas phantastischen Aufsatz von Béla v. Felszeghy: PANIK UND PANKOMPLEX, Imago, VI, 1920.)

Wenn man die Panik wie Mc Dougall (1.c.) als eine der de utlichsten Leistungen der »group mind« beschreibt, gelangt man zum Para doxon, daß sich diese Massenseele in einer ihrer auffälligsten Äußerungen selbst aufhebt. Es ist kein Zweifel möglich, daß die Panik die Zersetzung der Masse bedeutet, si e hat das Aufhören aller Rücksichten zur Folge, welche sonst die Einzelnen der Masse füreinander zeigen. Der typische Anlaß für den Ausbruch einer Pa nik ist so ähnlich, wi e er in der Nestroy- schen Parodie des Hebbelschen Dramas von J udith und Holofernes dargestellt wird. Da schreit ein Krieger: »Der Feldherr hat den Kopf verloren«, und darauf ergreifen alle As- syrer die Flucht. Der Verlust des Führers in irgendeinem Si nne, das Irrewerden an ihm, bringt die Panik bei gleich bleibender Gefahr zum Ausbruch; mit der Bindung an den Führer schwinden – in der Regel – auch die gegenseitigen Bindungen der Massenindi- viduen. Die Masse zerstiebt wie ein Bolognes er Fläschchen, dem man die Spitze abge- brochen hat

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Psychiatrie und die dunkle Seite: Eugenik, nationalsozialistische und sowjetische Psychiatrie

Luty, J.. (2014). Psychiatry and the dark side: eugenics, Nazi and Soviet psychiatry. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 20(1), 52–60. Plain numerical DOI: 10.1192/apt.bp.112.010330DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Psychiatrist thomas szasz fought coercion (compulsory detention) and denied that mental illness existed. although he was regarded as a maverick, his ideas are much more plausible when one discovers that between 1939 and 1941, up to 100 000 mentally ill people, including 5000 children, were killed in nazi germany. in the course of the nazi regime, over 400 000 forced sterilisations took place, mainly of people with mental illnesses. other countries, including denmark, norway, sweden and switzerland, had active forced sterilisation programmes and eugenics laws. similar laws were implemented in the usa, with up to 25 000 forced sterilisations. these atrocities were enabled and facilitated by psychiatrists of the time and are only one example of the dark side of the profession. this article reviews some of these aspects of the history of psychiatry, including germany’s eugenics programme and the former ussr’s detention of dissidents under the guise of psychiatric treatment.”

Zusammenfassung

Der Psychiater Thomas Szasz bekämpfte den Zwang (Zwangsinternierung) und leugnete die Existenz psychischer Krankheiten. Obwohl er als Außenseiter galt, werden seine Ideen viel plausibler, wenn man bedenkt, dass zwischen 1939 und 1941 in Nazideutschland bis zu 100 000 psychisch kranke Menschen, darunter 5000 Kinder, getötet wurden. Im Laufe des Naziregimes wurden über 400 000 Zwangssterilisationen durchgeführt, vor allem an Menschen mit psychischen Erkrankungen. In anderen Ländern, darunter Dänemark, Norwegen, Schweden und die Schweiz, gab es aktive Zwangssterilisationsprogramme und Eugenikgesetze. Ähnliche Gesetze wurden in den USA umgesetzt, wo bis zu 25 000 Zwangssterilisationen durchgeführt wurden. Diese Gräueltaten wurden von den damaligen Psychiatern ermöglicht und gefördert und sind nur ein Beispiel für die dunkle Seite des Berufsstandes. Dieser Artikel gibt einen Überblick über einige dieser Aspekte der Geschichte der Psychiatrie, einschließlich des deutschen Eugenikprogramms und der Inhaftierung von Dissidenten in der ehemaligen UdSSR unter dem Deckmantel der psychiatrischen Behandlung.

Weitere Infos: https://cognitive-liberty.online/psychiatry-and-the-dark-side-eugenics-nazi-and-soviet-psychiatry-cambridge-university-press/

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Mullis versus Fauci

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Hydrogels & Biosensors

Manickam, P., Vashist, A., Madhu, S., Sadasivam, M., Sakthivel, A., Kaushik, A., & Nair, M. (2020). Gold nanocubes embedded biocompatible hybrid hydrogels for electrochemical detection of H2O2. Bioelectrochemistry. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2019.107373
Tavakoli, J., & Tang, Y. (2017). Hydrogel based sensors for biomedical applications: An updated review. In Polymers. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym9080364
Erfkamp, J., Guenther, M., & Gerlach, G. (2019). Enzyme-functionalized piezoresistive hydrogel biosensors for the detection of urea. Sensors (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/s19132858
Wang, K., Hao, Y., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Mao, L., Deng, Y., Chen, J., Yuan, S., Zhang, T., Ren, J., & Liao, W. (2019). Functional Hydrogels and Their Application in Drug Delivery, Biosensors, and Tissue Engineering. In International Journal of Polymer Science. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3160732
Distler, T., & Boccaccini, A. R. (2020). 3D printing of electrically conductive hydrogels for tissue engineering and biosensors – A review. In Acta Biomaterialia. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2019.08.044
Miao, X., Pan, J., Zhu, Q., Zhu, H., & Wei, T. (2021). Synthesis of enzymatic hydrogels and their application in biosensors. Scientia Sinica Chimica. https://doi.org/10.1360/SSC-2020-0231

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Prof. Daniel Kahneman über die Manipulation des Denkens

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_fPdSEnLxvg

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Dr. Mike Yeadon

Abschluss in Biochemie, Toxikologie und Atempharmakologie
Arbeitete 17 Jahre lang bei Pfizer als Vice President und Chefwissenschaftler

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Netzwerkanalyse Corona Komplex

Home

In monatelanger Recherche-Arbeit hat ein IT-Spezialist, der anonym bleiben möchte, eine komplexe Netzwerkanalyse zu Beziehungsgeflechten, Verbindungen und Geldflüssen zwischen zahlreichen einflussreichen Stiftungen, NGOs, Unternehmen, Personen, Organisationen, Öffentlich-privaten Partnerschaften (ÖPP) etc. erstellt, welche nach seinen Worten komplett auf öffentlich zugängliche Quellen beruhe.

Original PDF: http://corona-propaganda.de/wp-content/uploads/Netzwerkanalyse-Corona-Komplex.pdf
Podcast: https://apolut.net/covid-19-die-netzwerke-die-die-pandemie-erschaffen-haben-von-thomas-roeper/

Netzwerkanalyse-Corona-Komplex

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Sir Bertrand Russel: The impact of science on society

Nehmen wir zunächst die Frage der Ernährung und der Bevölkerung. Gegenwärtig wächst die Weltbevölkerung mit einer Rate von etwa 20 Millionen pro Jahr. Der größte Teil dieses Anstiegs findet in Russland und Südostasien. Die Bevölkerung in Westeuropa und den den Vereinigten Staaten bleibt nahezu unverändert. Unterdessen droht die Nahrungsmittel die Nahrungsmittelversorgung der Welt als Ganzes zu schrumpfen droht. durch unkluge Anbaumethoden und die Zerstörung der Wälder. Dies ist eine explosive Situation. Sich selbst überlassen, muss sie zu einer Nahrungsmittelknappheit und in der Folge zu einem Weltkrieg führen. Die Technik, macht jedoch andere Dinge möglich.

Die Lebensstatistiken im Westen werden von der Medizin und Geburtenkontrolle: die eine verringert die Todesfälle, die andere die Geburten. Die Folge ist, dass das Durchschnittsalter im Westen ansteigt: Es gibt einen geringeren Prozentsatz an jungen Menschen und einen größeren Prozentsatz an alten Menschen. Manche Leute meinen, dass dies unglückliche Folgen haben muss, aber als alter Mensch Person bin ich mir da nicht sicher.

Die Gefahr einer weltweiten Nahrungsmittelknappheit kann eine Zeit lang durch Verbesserungen in der Technik der Landwirtschaft abgewendet werden. Aber wenn die Bevölkerung weiterhin so schnell wächst wie bisher, können solche Verbesserungen nicht lange ausreichen. Es wird dann zwei Gruppen geben zwei Gruppen geben, eine arme mit einer wachsenden Bevölkerung, die die andere reich mit einer gleichbleibenden Bevölkerung. Eine solche Situation kann nicht zu einem Weltkrieg führen. Wenn es nicht zu einer endlose Reihe von Kriegen geben soll, muss die Bevölkerung Bevölkerung in der ganzen Welt stationär werden, und dies wird wahrscheinlich in vielen Ländern als Ergebnis staatlicher Maßnahmen geschehen Maßnahmen. Dies wird eine Ausweitung der wissenschaftlichen Technik nik auf sehr intime Angelegenheiten. Es gibt jedoch zwei andere Möglichkeiten. Der Krieg kann so zerstörerisch werden, dass zumindest dass zumindest für eine gewisse Zeit keine Überbevölkerung zu befürchten ist; oder die wissenschaftlichen Nationen können besiegt werden und die Anarchie kann die die wissenschaftliche Technik zerstören.

Die Biologie wird das menschliche Leben durch das Studium der Vererbung. Ohne Wissenschaft haben die Menschen Haustiere Nutztiere und Nahrungspflanzen auf vorteilhafte Weise verändert. Es ist anzunehmen, dass er sie noch viel mehr verändern wird, und viel schneller verändern wird, wenn er die Wissenschaft der Genetik zum Tragen kommt. Vielleicht wird es sogar möglich sein, auf künstliche Weise erwünschte Mutationen in den Genen herbeizuführen. (Bislang sind die einzigen Muta Mutationen künstlich herbeigeführt werden können, sind neutral oder schädlich.) In jedem Fall ist es ziemlich sicher, dass die wissenschaftliche Technik sehr bald große Verbesserungen bei den Tieren und Pflanzen, die für den Menschen nützlich sind.

Wenn solche Methoden zur Veränderung des angeborenen Charakters von Tieren und Pflanzen lange genug verfolgt worden sind, um ihren Erfolg offensichtlich wird, ist es wahrscheinlich, dass es eine eine starke Bewegung zur Anwendung wissenschaftlicher Methoden auf die menschliche Fortpflanzung. Es gäbe zunächst starke religiöse und religiöse und emotionale Hindernisse für die Annahme einer solchen Politik. Aber angenommen nehmen wir an, Russland wäre in der Lage, diese Hindernisse zu überwinden und eine Rasse zu züchten, die stärker, intelligenter und und widerstandsfähiger gegen Krankheiten zu züchten als jede andere Rasse, die bisher und angenommen, die anderen Nationen würden erkennen, dass sie, wenn sie dass sie im Krieg besiegt werden würden, wenn sie nicht nachziehen, dann würden entweder die anderen Nationen freiwillig ihre Vorurteile aufgeben, oder, oder sie würden nach einer Niederlage gezwungen sein, sie aufzugeben. Jede wissenschaftliche Technik, wie bestialisch sie auch sein mag, muss sich verbreiten, wenn wenn sie im Krieg nützlich ist - bis zu dem Zeitpunkt, an dem die Menschen beschließen, dass sie genug vom Krieg haben und von nun an in Frieden leben wollen. Wie dieser Tag nicht gekommen zu sein scheint, muss die wissenschaftliche Züchtung von des Menschen zu erwarten. Ich werde diesem Thema in einem späteren Kapitel zurückkommen.

Die Physiologie und die Psychologie bieten Felder für die wissenschaftliche Technik. nik, die noch der Entwicklung harren. Zwei große Männer, Pawlow und Freud, haben den Grundstein gelegt. Ich akzeptiere nicht die Ansicht Ich bin nicht der Ansicht, dass sie in einem wesentlichen Konflikt stehen, aber auf ihren Fundamenten aufgebaut werden soll, ist noch ungewiss.

Ich denke, das Thema, das politisch am wichtigsten sein wird, ist die Massenpsychologie. ist die Massenpsychologie. Die Massenpsychologie ist, wissenschaftlich Massenpsychologie ist, wissenschaftlich gesehen, nicht sehr weit fortgeschritten, und nicht an Universitäten, sondern in der Werbung, Politiker und vor allem Diktatoren. Diese Studie ist ungemein nützlich für praktische Menschen, ob sie nun reich werden oder die Regierung übernehmen wollen. Sie ist natürlich eine Wissenschaft, auf der Psychologie des Individuums gegründet, aber bisher hat sie Methoden verwendet, die auf einer Art intuitivem eine Art intuitiven gesunden Menschenverstand. Ihre Bedeutung hat sich durch die Entwicklung moderner Propagandamethoden enorm gesteigert Propaganda. Die einflussreichste davon ist das, was man als "Erziehung". Die Religion spielt eine Rolle, wenn auch eine abnehmende; die Presse, das Kino und das Radio spielen eine immer größere Rolle.

Das Wesentliche in der Massenpsychologie ist die Kunst der Per- sussion. Überredungskunst.

https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://ia800300.us.archive.org/0/items/TheImpactOfScienceOnSociety-B.Russell/TheImpactOfScienceOnSociety-B.Russell.pdf

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Relatierte Studien

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Sir Graham Wilson: The Hazards of Immunization (1967)

Sir Graham Wilson The Hazards of Immunization (1967)

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Dr. Klaus Hartmann: Wie sicher sind Impfstoffe?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yIAp4dRRJR0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TmOMFnxi-i4

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Dr. Suzanne Humphries: Die Impf-Illusion

https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/54/12/1778/455098
https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/11/20/1314688110.abstract
https://www.bmj.com/content/333/7560/174.full
https://drsuzanne.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Mawson-2017-final-report-in-print-pilotS-1.pdf
https://drsuzanne.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/STeinhoff-12-influenza-vax-preg.pdf
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Aluminum in the central nervous system (CNS): toxicity in humans and animals, vaccine adjuvants, and autoimmunity
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23609067/
Full-text: https://siksik.org/wp-content/uploads/vaccins/14-2013-Immunol-Res-Shaw.pdf

Zusammenfassung

Wir haben die Neurotoxizität von Aluminium bei Menschen und Tieren unter verschiedenen Bedingungen und nach verschiedenen Verabreichungswegen untersucht und geben einen Überblick über die verschiedenen damit verbundenen Krankheitszustände. Die Literatur zeigt eindeutig negative Auswirkungen von Aluminium auf das Nervensystem über die gesamte Altersspanne hinweg. Bei Erwachsenen kann die Aluminiumexposition zu scheinbar altersbedingten neurologischen Defiziten führen, die der Alzheimer-Krankheit ähneln, und wurde mit dieser Krankheit sowie mit der guamanischen Variante ALS-PDC in Verbindung gebracht. Ähnliche Ergebnisse wurden in Tiermodellen gefunden. Darüber hinaus führt die Injektion von Aluminiumadjuvantien in einem Versuch, das Golfkriegssyndrom und die damit verbundenen neurologischen Defizite zu modellieren, bei jungen männlichen Mäusen zu einem ALS-Phänotyp. Bei Kleinkindern besteht ein hochsignifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen der Anzahl der verabreichten Impfstoffe mit Aluminiumadjuvanzien und der Häufigkeit von Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen. Viele der Merkmale der aluminiuminduzierten Neurotoxizität könnten zum Teil auf Autoimmunreaktionen zurückzuführen sein, die Teil des ASIA-Syndroms sind.

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[PMID]24277828[/PMID]

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Aphorismen, Analogien & Metaphern

"Viele Menschen sind stolz auf Ihr Vaterland
Doch regiert werden Sie von böser Hand"
~ Christopher B. Germann

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Prof. Mausfeld: Gesundheit nur Vorwand

prof-rainer-mausfeld-corona-covid

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Graphene neuroscience literature

Lin, H. Y., Nurunnabi, M., Chen, W. H., & Huang, C. H.. (2019). Graphene in neuroscience. In Biomedical Applications of Graphene and 2D Nanomaterials Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-815889-0.00016-7DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Graphene and graphene-derived materials have been widely applied in various biomedical fields. in neuroscience, graphene and its derivatives can be applied as nanocarriers for drug delivery, as compelling biocompatible substrates for tissue engineering, as conductive electrodes for obtaining the stimulation response in studying neural networks, as low photobleaching nanocomposite tags in bioimaging, as enhancers for guiding neural growth and differentiation as regenerative medicine, and so forth. among these applications, the material composition, functionalization, and dimension of graphene are considerably important. in this chapter, we provide a brief review to address the accomplishments and further perspective of graphene and its related materials applied in neuroscience.”

Perini, G., Palmieri, V., Ciasca, G., De Spirito, M., & Papi, M.. (2020). Unravelling the potential of graphene quantum dots in biomedicine and neuroscience. International Journal of Molecular Sciences Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103712DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Quantum dots (qds) are semiconducting nanoparticles that have been gaining ground in various applications, including the biomedical field, thanks to their unique optical properties. recently, graphene quantum dots (gqds) have earned attention in biomedicine and nanomedicine, thanks to their higher biocompatibility and low cytotoxicity compared to other qds. gqds share the optical properties of qd and have proven ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (bbb). for this reason, gqds are now being employed to deepen our knowledge in neuroscience diagnostics and therapeutics. their size and surface chemistry that ease the loading of chemotherapeutic drugs, makes them ideal drug delivery systems through the bloodstream, across the bbb, up to the brain. gqds-based neuroimaging techniques and theranostic applications, such as photothermal and photodynamic therapy alone or in combination with chemotherapy, have been designed. in this review, optical properties and biocompatibility of gqds will be described. then, the ability of gqds to overtake the bbb and reach the brain will be discussed. at last, applications of gqds in bioimaging, photophysical therapies and drug delivery to the central nervous system will be considered, unraveling their potential in the neuroscientific field.”

Orecchioni, M., Bordoni, V., Fuoco, C., Reina, G., Lin, H., Zoccheddu, M., … Delogu, L. G.. (2020). Toward High-Dimensional Single-Cell Analysis of Graphene Oxide Biological Impact: Tracking on Immune Cells by Single-Cell Mass Cytometry. Small Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000123DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Considering the potential exposure to graphene, the most investigated nanomaterial, the assessment of the impact on human health has become an urgent need. the deep understanding of nanomaterial safety is today possible by high-throughput single-cell technologies. single-cell mass cytometry (cytometry by time-of flight, cytof) shows an unparalleled ability to phenotypically and functionally profile complex cellular systems, in particular related to the immune system, as recently also proved for graphene impact. the next challenge is to track the graphene distribution at the single-cell level. therefore, graphene oxide (go) is functionalized with agins2 nanocrystals (go–in), allowing to trace go immune–cell interactions via the indium (115in) channel. indium is specifically chosen to avoid overlaps with the commercial panels (>30 immune markers). as a proof of concept, the go–in cytof tracking is performed at the single-cell level on blood immune subpopulations, showing the go interaction with monocytes and b cells, therefore guiding future immune studies. the proposed approach can be applied not only to the immune safety assessment of the multitude of graphene physical and chemical parameters, but also for graphene applications in neuroscience. moreover, this approach can be translated to other 2d emerging materials and will likely advance the understanding of their toxicology.”

Song, Q., Jiang, Z., Li, N., Liu, P., Liu, L., Tang, M., & Cheng, G.. (2014). Anti-inflammatory effects of three-dimensional graphene foams cultured with microglial cells. Biomaterials Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.05.002DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“One of the key goals in nerve tissue engineering is to develop new materials which cause less or no neuroinflammation. despite the rapid advances of using graphene as a neural interface material, it still remains unknown whether graphene could provoke neuroinflammation or not, and whether and how the topographical features of graphene influence the neuroinflammation induction. by immunofluorescence, elisa technique, western blot, scanning electron microscope (sem) methods, we investigated the pro- and/or anti-inflammatory responses of microglia in the graphene films (2d-graphene) or graphene foams (3d-graphene) culturing systems. furthermore, the growth situations of the neural stem cells (nscs) in the conditioned culture medium produced in the graphene substrates were evaluated. the results show that: 1) neither 2d nor 3d graphene induced distinct neuroinflammation when compared to the tissue culture polystyrene (tcps) substrates; 2) the topographical structures of the graphene might affect the material/cell interactions, leading to disparate effects on lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced neuroinflammation; 3) 3d graphene exhibited a remarkable capability of rescuing lps-induced neuroinflammation probably through the restriction of microglia morphological transformation by the unique topographical features on the surface, showing the ability of anti-inflammation against external insults, while 2d graphene failed to. these results provide insights into the diverse biological effects of the material’s topographical structures and open new opportunity for the applications of graphene in neuroscience. © 2014 elsevier ltd.”

Kitko, K. E., & Zhang, Q.. (2019). Graphene-based nanomaterials: From production to integration with modern tools in neuroscience. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00026DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Graphene, a two-dimensional carbon crystal, has emerged as a promising material for sensing and modulating neuronal activity in vitro and in vivo. in this review, we provide a primer for how manufacturing processes to produce graphene and graphene oxide result in materials properties that may be tailored for a variety of applications. we further discuss how graphene may be composited with other bio-compatible materials of interest to make novel hybrid complexes with desired characteristics for bio-interfacing. we then highlight graphene’s ever-widen utility and unique properties that may in the future be multiplexed for cross-modal modulation or interrogation of neuronal network. as the biological effects of graphene are still an area of active investigation, we discuss recent development, with special focus on how surface coatings and surface properties of graphene are relevant to its biological effects. we discuss studies conducted in both non-murine and murine systems, and emphasize the preclinical aspect of graphene’s potential without undermining its tangible clinical implementation.”

Garcia-Cortadella, R., Schwesig, G., Jeschke, C., Illa, X., Gray, A. L., Savage, S., … Garrido, J. A.. (2021). Graphene active sensor arrays for long-term and wireless mapping of wide frequency band epicortical brain activity. Nature Communications Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20546-wDOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Graphene active sensors have demonstrated promising capabilities for the detection of electrophysiological signals in the brain. their functional properties, together with their flexibility as well as their expected stability and biocompatibility have raised them as a promising building block for large-scale sensing neural interfaces. however, in order to provide reliable tools for neuroscience and biomedical engineering applications, the maturity of this technology must be thoroughly studied. here, we evaluate the performance of 64-channel graphene sensor arrays in terms of homogeneity, sensitivity and stability using a wireless, quasi-commercial headstage and demonstrate the biocompatibility of epicortical graphene chronic implants. furthermore, to illustrate the potential of the technology to detect cortical signals from infra-slow to high-gamma frequency bands, we perform proof-of-concept long-term wireless recording in a freely behaving rodent. our work demonstrates the maturity of the graphene-based technology, which represents a promising candidate for chronic, wide frequency band neural sensing interfaces.”

Cherian, R. S., Sandeman, S., Ray, S., Savina, I. N., Ashtami, J., & Mohanan, P. V.. (2019). Green synthesis of Pluronic stabilized reduced graphene oxide: Chemical and biological characterization. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.03.043DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“The wonder material graphene has numerous potential applications in nanoelectronics, biomedicine, storage devices, etc. synthesis of graphene is highly challenging due to the toxic chemicals used and its low yield. in the present study, a facile green route for synthesis of reduced graphene oxide (rgo) was carried out using ascorbic acid as reducing agent. rgo was stabilized using pluronic p123 polymer to give pluronic stabilized reduced graphene oxide (rgo-p) and gave superior yield (15 mg graphene oxide yielded ˜13 mg rgo-p). despite the potential neuroscience applications of graphene, the impending toxicological outcome upon interaction with neurons is not well understood. here, differentiated pc-12 neuron-like cells exposed to rgo-p showed a dose-dependent cytotoxicity. membrane disruption and cytoskeletal integrity remained uncompromised after 24 h exposure. oxidative stress in pc-12 was evident due to an increase in ros generation in dose and time-dependent manner. in vivo acute toxicity was assessed in mice administered with 10 mg/kg body weight of rgo-p. there were no evident changes in behaviour, motor function or other morphological changes. in conclusion, rgo-p was successfully synthesized and provided superior yield. even though in vitro toxicity testing showed dose-dependent toxicity, in vivo toxic effect was not apparent.”

Bramini, M., Alberini, G., Colombo, E., Chiacchiaretta, M., DiFrancesco, M. L., Maya-Vetencourt, J. F., … Cesca, F.. (2018). Interfacing graphene-based materials with neural cells. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2018.00012DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“The scientific community has witnessed an exponential increase in the applications of graphene and graphene-based materials in a wide range of fields, from engineering to electronics to biotechnologies and biomedical applications. for what concerns neuroscience, the interest raised by these materials is two-fold. on one side, nanosheets made of graphene or graphene derivatives (graphene oxide, or its reduced form) can be used as carriers for drug delivery. here, an important aspect is to evaluate their toxicity, which strongly depends on flake composition, chemical functionalization and dimensions. on the other side, graphene can be exploited as a substrate for tissue engineering. in this case, conductivity is probably the most relevant amongst the various properties of the different graphene materials, as it may allow to instruct and interrogate neural networks, as well as to drive neural growth and differentiation, which holds a great potential in regenerative medicine. in this review, we try to give a comprehensive view of the accomplishments and new challenges of the field, as well as which in our view are the most exciting directions to take in the immediate future. these include the need to engineer multifunctional nanoparticles (nps) able to cross the blood-brain-barrier to reach neural cells, and to achieve on-demand delivery of specific drugs. we describe the state-of-the-art in the use of graphene materials to engineer three-dimensional scaffolds to drive neuronal growth and regeneration in vivo, and the possibility of using graphene as a component of hybrid composites/multi-layer organic electronics devices. last but not least, we address the need of an accurate theoretical modeling of the interface between graphene and biological material, by modeling the interaction of graphene with proteins and cell membranes at the nanoscale, and describing the physical mechanism(s) of charge transfer by which the various graphene materials can influence the excitability and physiology of neural cells.”

Capasso, A., Rodrigues, J., Moschetta, M., Buonocore, F., Faggio, G., Messina, G., … Lisi, N.. (2021). Interactions between Primary Neurons and Graphene Films with Different Structure and Electrical Conductivity. Advanced Functional Materials Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202005300DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Graphene-based materials represent a useful tool for the realization of novel neural interfaces. several studies have demonstrated the biocompatibility of graphene-based supports, but the biological interactions between graphene and neurons still pose open questions. in this work, the influence of graphene films with different characteristics on the growth and maturation of primary cortical neurons is investigated. graphene films are grown by chemical vapor deposition progressively lowering the temperature range from 1070 to 650 °c to change the lattice structure and corresponding electrical conductivity. two graphene-based films with different electrical properties are selected and used as substrate for growing primary cortical neurons: i) highly crystalline and conductive (grown at 1070 °c) and ii) highly disordered and 140-times less conductive (grown at 790 °c). electron and fluorescence microscopy imaging reveal an excellent neuronal viability and the development of a mature, structured, and excitable network onto both substrates, regardless of their microstructure and electrical conductivity. the results underline that high electrical conductivity by itself is not fundamental for graphene-based neuronal interfaces, while other physico–chemical characteristics, including the atomic structure, should be also considered in the design of functional, bio-friendly templates. this finding widens the spectrum of carbon-based materials suitable for neuroscience applications.”

Rauti, R., Secomandi, N., Martín, C., Bosi, S., Severino, F. P. U., Scaini, D., … Ballerini, L.. (2020). Tuning Neuronal Circuit Formation in 3D Polymeric Scaffolds by Introducing Graphene at the Bio/Material Interface. Advanced Biosystems Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900233DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“2D cultures are useful platforms allowing studies of the fundamental mechanisms governing neuron and synapse functions. yet, such models are limited when exploring changes in network dynamics due to 3d-space topologies. 3d platforms fill this gap and favor investigating topologies closer to the real brain organization. graphene, an atom-thick layer of carbon, possesses remarkable properties and since its discovery is considered a highly promising material in neuroscience developments. here, elastomeric 3d platforms endowed with graphene cues are exploited to modulate neuronal circuits when interfaced to graphene in 3d topology. ex vivo neuronal networks are successfully reconstructed within 3d scaffolds, with and without graphene, characterized by comparable size and morphology. by confocal microscopy and live imaging, the 3d architecture of synaptic networks is documented to sustain a high rate of bursting in 3d scaffolds, an activity further increased by graphene interfacing. changes are reported in the excitation/inhibition ratio, potentially following 3d-graphene interfacing. a hypothesis is thus proposed, where the combination of synapse formation under 3d architecture and graphene interfaces affects the maturation of gabaergic inhibition. this will tune the balance between hyperpolarizing and depolarizing responses, potentially contributing to network synchronization in the absence of changes in gabaergic phenotype expression.”

Thunemann, M., Lu, Y., Liu, X., Klllç, K., Desjardins, M., Vandenberghe, M., … Kuzum, D.. (2018). Deep 2-photon imaging and artifact-free optogenetics through transparent graphene microelectrode arrays. Nature Communications Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04457-5DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Recent advances in optical technologies such as multi-photon microscopy and optogenetics have revolutionized our ability to record and manipulate neuronal activity. combining optical techniques with electrical recordings is of critical importance to connect the large body of neuroscience knowledge obtained from animal models to human studies mainly relying on electrophysiological recordings of brain-scale activity. however, integration of optical modalities with electrical recordings is challenging due to generation of light-induced artifacts. here we report a transparent graphene microelectrode technology that eliminates light-induced artifacts to enable crosstalk-free integration of 2-photon microscopy, optogenetic stimulation, and cortical recordings in the same in vivo experiment. we achieve fabrication of crack- and residue-free graphene electrode surfaces yielding high optical transmittance for 2-photon imaging down to ~ 1 mm below the cortical surface. transparent graphene microelectrode technology offers a practical pathway to investigate neuronal activity over multiple spatial scales extending from single neurons to large neuronal populations.”

Garcia-Cortadella, R., Schäfer, N., Cisneros-Fernandez, J., Ré, L., Illa, X., Schwesig, G., … Guimerà-Brunet, A.. (2020). Switchless multiplexing of graphene active sensor arrays for brain mapping. Nano Letters Plain numerical DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00467DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Sensor arrays used to detect electrophysiological signals from the brain are paramount in neuroscience. however, the number of sensors that can be interfaced with macroscopic data acquisition systems currently limits their bandwidth. this bottleneck originates in the fact that, typically, sensors are addressed individually, requiring a connection for each of them. herein, we present the concept of frequency-division multiplexing (fdm) of neural signals by graphene sensors. we demonstrate the high performance of graphene transistors as mixers to perform amplitude modulation (am) of neural signals in situ, which is used to transmit multiple signals through a shared metal line. this technology eliminates the need for switches, remarkably simplifying the technical complexity of state-of-the-art multiplexed neural probes. besides, the scalability of fdm graphene neural probes has been thoroughly evaluated and their sensitivity demonstrated in vivo. using this technology, we envision a new generation of high-count conformal neural probes for high bandwidth brain machine interfaces.”

Liu, X., Lu, Y., Iseri, E., Shi, Y., & Kuzum, D.. (2018). A compact closed-loop optogenetics system based on artifact-free transparent graphene electrodes. Frontiers in Neuroscience Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00132DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Electrophysiology is a decades-old technique widely used for monitoring activity of individual neurons and local field potentials. optogenetics has revolutionized neuroscience studies by offering selective and fast control of targeted neurons and neuron populations. the combination of these two techniques is crucial for causal investigation of neural circuits and understanding their functional connectivity. however, electrical artifacts generated by light stimulation interfere with neural recordings and hinder the development of compact closed-loop systems for precise control of neural activity. here, we demonstrate that transparent graphene micro-electrodes fabricated on a clear polyethylene terephthalate film eliminate the light-induced artifact problem and allow development of a compact battery-powered closed-loop optogenetics system. we extensively investigate light-induced artifacts for graphene electrodes in comparison to metal control electrodes. we then design optical stimulation module using micro-led chips coupled to optical fibers to deliver light to intended depth for optogenetic stimulation. for artifact-free integration of graphene micro-electrode recordings with optogenetic stimulation, we design and develop a compact closed-loop system and validate it for different frequencies of interest for neural recordings. this compact closed-loop optogenetics system can be used for various applications involving optogenetic stimulation and electrophysiological recordings.”

Lu, Y., Lyu, H., Richardson, A. G., Lucas, T. H., & Kuzum, D.. (2016). Flexible Neural Electrode Array Based-on Porous Graphene for Cortical Microstimulation and Sensing. Scientific Reports Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/srep33526DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Neural sensing and stimulation have been the backbone of neuroscience research, brain-machine interfaces and clinical neuromodulation therapies for decades. to-date, most of the neural stimulation systems have relied on sharp metal microelectrodes with poor electrochemical properties that induce extensive damage to the tissue and significantly degrade the long-term stability of implantable systems. here, we demonstrate a flexible cortical microelectrode array based on porous graphene, which is capable of efficient electrophysiological sensing and stimulation from the brain surface, without penetrating into the tissue. porous graphene electrodes show superior impedance and charge injection characteristics making them ideal for high efficiency cortical sensing and stimulation. they exhibit no physical delamination or degradation even after 1 million biphasic stimulation cycles, confirming high endurance. in in vivo experiments with rodents, same array is used to sense brain activity patterns with high spatio-temporal resolution and to control leg muscles with high-precision electrical stimulation from the cortical surface. flexible porous graphene array offers a minimally invasive but high efficiency neuromodulation scheme with potential applications in cortical mapping, brain-computer interfaces, treatment of neurological disorders, where high resolution and simultaneous recording and stimulation of neural activity are crucial.”

Chen, J., Yu, Q., Fu, W., Chen, X., Zhang, Q., Dong, S., … Zhang, S.. (2020). A highly sensitive amperometric glutamate oxidase microbiosensor based on a reduced graphene oxide/prussian blue nanocube/gold nanoparticle composite film-modified pt electrode. Sensors (Switzerland) Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/s20102924DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“A simple method that relies only on an electrochemical workstation has been investigated to fabricate a highly sensitive glutamate microbiosensor for potential neuroscience applications. in this study, in order to develop the highly sensitive glutamate electrode, a 100 µm platinum wire was modified by the electrochemical deposition of gold nanoparticles, prussian blue nanocubes, and reduced graphene oxide sheets, which increased the electroactive surface area; and the chitosan layer, which provided a suitable environment to bond the glutamate oxidase. the optimization of the fabrication procedure and analytical conditions is described. the modified electrode was characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy, impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. the results exhibited its excellent sensitivity for glutamate detection (lod = 41.33 nm), adequate linearity (50 nm–40 µm), ascendant reproducibility (rsd = 4.44%), and prolonged stability (more than 30 repetitive potential sweeps, two-week lifespan). because of the important role of glutamate in neurotransmission and brain function, this small-dimension, high-sensitivity glutamate electrode is a promising tool in neuroscience research.”

Park, D. W., Ness, J. P., Brodnick, S. K., Esquibel, C., Novello, J., Atry, F., … Ma, Z.. (2018). Electrical Neural Stimulation and Simultaneous in Vivo Monitoring with Transparent Graphene Electrode Arrays Implanted in GCaMP6f Mice. ACS Nano Plain numerical DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04321DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Electrical stimulation using implantable electrodes is widely used to treat various neuronal disorders such as parkinson’s disease and epilepsy and is a widely used research tool in neuroscience studies. however, to date, devices that help better understand the mechanisms of electrical stimulation in neural tissues have been limited to opaque neural electrodes. imaging spatiotemporal neural responses to electrical stimulation with minimal artifact could allow for various studies that are impossible with existing opaque electrodes. here, we demonstrate electrical brain stimulation and simultaneous optical monitoring of the underlying neural tissues using carbon-based, fully transparent graphene electrodes implanted in gcamp6f mice. fluorescence imaging of neural activity for varying electrical stimulation parameters was conducted with minimal image artifact through transparent graphene electrodes. in addition, full-field imaging of electrical stimulation verified more efficient neural activation with cathode leading stimulation compared to anode leading stimulation. we have characterized the charge density limitation of capacitive four-layer graphene electrodes as 116.07-174.10 μc/cm2 based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, failure bench testing, and in vivo testing. this study demonstrates the transparent ability of graphene neural electrodes and provides a method to further increase understanding and potentially improve therapeutic electrical stimulation in the central and peripheral nervous systems.”

John, A. A., Subramanian, A. P., Vellayappan, M. V., Balaji, A., Mohandas, H., & Jaganathan, S. K.. (2015). Carbon nanotubes and graphene as emerging candidates in neuroregeneration and neurodrug delivery. International Journal of Nanomedicine Plain numerical DOI: 10.2147/IJN.S83777DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Neuroregeneration is the regrowth or repair of nervous tissues, cells, or cell products involved in neurodegeneration and inflammatory diseases of the nervous system like alzheimer’s disease and parkinson’s disease. nowadays, application of nanotechnology is commonly used in developing nanomedicines to advance pharmacokinetics and drug delivery exclusively for central nervous system pathologies. in addition, nanomedical advances are leading to therapies that disrupt disarranged protein aggregation in the central nervous system, deliver functional neuroprotective growth factors, and change the oxidative stress and excitotoxicity of affected neural tissues to regenerate the damaged neurons. carbon nanotubes and graphene are allotropes of carbon that have been exploited by researchers because of their excellent physical properties and their ability to interface with neurons and neuronal circuits. this review describes the role of carbon nanotubes and graphene in neuroregeneration. in the future, it is hoped that the benefits of nanotechnologies will outweigh their risks, and that the next decade will present huge scope for developing and delivering technologies in the field of neuroscience.”

Rauti, R., Musto, M., Bosi, S., Prato, M., & Ballerini, L.. (2019). Properties and behavior of carbon nanomaterials when interfacing neuronal cells: How far have we come?. Carbon Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.11.026DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“In the last two decades, an increasing amount of studies have investigated the use of components based on carbon-(nano)materials in the engineering of neural interfaces, to improve the performance of current state of the art devices. carbon is an extremely versatile element, characterized by a variety of allotropes and structures with different properties due to their sp, sp2 or sp3 hybridization. among the diverse carbon nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes and graphene are naturally excellent electrical conductors, thus representing ideal candidates for interfacing electrical-excitable tissues. in addition, their dimensional range holds the potential to enhance the material interactions with bio-systems. successful interfacing of the nervous system with devices that record or modulate neuronal electrical activity requires their stable electrical coupling with neurons. the efficiency of this coupling can be improved significantly by the use of conductive, ad hoc designed, nanomaterials. here we review different carbon-based nanomaterials currently under investigation in basic and applied neuroscience, and the recent developments in this research field, with a special focus on in vitro studies.”

Zheng, Z., Huang, L., Yan, L., Yuan, F., Wang, L., Wang, K., … Liu, Y.. (2019). Polyaniline functionalized graphene nanoelectrodes for the regeneration of PC12 cells via electrical stimulation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082013DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“The regeneration of neurons is an important goal of neuroscience and clinical medicine. the electrical stimulation of cells is a promising technique to meet this goal. however, its efficiency highly depends on the electrochemical properties of the stimulation electrodes used. this work reports on the preparation and use of a highly electroactive and biocompatible nanoelectrode made from a novel polyaniline functionalized graphene composite. this nanocomposite was prepared using a facile and efficient polymerization-enhanced ball-milling method. it was used to stimulate the growth of pc12 cells under various electrical fields. the enhanced growth of axons and improved wound regeneration of pc12 cells were observed after this treatment, suggesting a promising strategy for neuro traumatology.”

Guan, S., Wang, J., & Fang, Y.. (2019). Transparent graphene bioelectronics as a new tool for multimodal neural interfaces. Nano Today Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2019.01.003DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“A central challenge of neuroscience is to monitor the coordinated activity of neural circuits underlying information processing and behavior. combining the advantages of electrical and optical modalities can provide unprecedented access to the spatiotemporal dynamics of neural activity. transparent graphene bioelectronics has emerged as a suitable tool for the seamless integration of electrophysiological recording with optical imaging and optogenetic stimulation, opening up a variety of new opportunities in both neuroscience research and clinical applications.”

Lu, Y., Liu, X., & Kuzum, D.. (2018). Graphene-based neurotechnologies for advanced neural interfaces. Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineering Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2018.06.001DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Understanding how neuron populations transform activities of individual neurons into complex behaviors is one of the biggest challenges of neuroscience research. however, current neural monitoring and controlling technologies provide insufficient spatiotemporal resolution to unravel neural circuit functions. to this end, multifunctional neurotechnologies combining electrical, optical and chemical sensing and stimulation modalities have been proposed to overcome resolution limits. research in multifunctional probes has fueled the demand for new materials to build minimally invasive chronic interfaces to the brain. graphene has recently emerged as a neural interface material offering several outstanding properties, such as optical transparency, flexibility, high conductivity, functionalization and biocompatibility. the unique combination of these properties in a single material system makes graphene an attractive choice for multi-modal probing of neural activity. in this review, we discuss recent advances in graphene-based neurotechnologies, highlight different approaches and consider emerging directions inspired by unique characteristics of graphene.”

Fischer, R. A., Zhang, Y., Risner, M. L., Li, D., Xu, Y., & Sappington, R. M.. (2018). Impact of Graphene on the Efficacy of Neuron Culture Substrates. Advanced Healthcare Materials Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201701290DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“How graphene influences the behavior of living cells or tissues remains a critical issue for its application in biomedical studies, despite the general acceptance that graphene is biocompatible. while direct contact between cells and graphene is not a requirement for all biomedical applications, it is often mandatory for biosensing. therefore, it is important to clarify whether graphene impedes the ability of cells to interact with biological elements in their environment. here, a systematic study is reported to determine whether applying graphene on top of matrix substrates masks interactions between these substrates and retinal ganglion cells (rgcs). six different platforms are tested for primary rgc cultures with three platforms comprised of matrix substrates compatible with these neurons, and another three having a layer of graphene placed on top of the matrix substrates. the results demonstrate that graphene does not impede interactions between rgcs and underlying substrate matrix, such that their positive or negative effects on neuron viability and vitality are retained. however, direct contact between rgcs and graphene reduces the number, but increases basal activity, of functional cation channels. the data indicate that, when proper baselines are established, graphene is a promising biosensing material for in vitro applications in neuroscience.”

Wang, R., Shi, M., Brewer, B., Yang, L., Zhang, Y., Webb, D. J., … Xu, Y. Q.. (2018). Ultrasensitive Graphene Optoelectronic Probes for Recording Electrical Activities of Individual Synapses. Nano Letters Plain numerical DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02298DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“The complex neuronal circuitry connected by submicron synapses in our brain calls for technologies that can map neural networks with ultrahigh spatiotemporal resolution to decipher the underlying mechanisms for multiple aspects of neuroscience. here we show that, through combining graphene transistor arrays with scanning photocurrent microscopy, we can detect the electrical activities of individual synapses of primary hippocampal neurons. through measuring the local conductance change of graphene optoelectronic probes directly underneath neuronal processes, we are able to estimate millivolt extracellular potential variations of individual synapses during depolarization. the ultrafast nature of graphene photocurrent response allows for decoding of activity patterns of individual synapses with a sub-millisecond temporal resolution. this new neurotechnology provides promising potentials for recording of electrophysiological outcomes of individual synapses in neural networks.”

Bourrier, A., Shkorbatova, P., Bonizzato, M., Rey, E., Barraud, Q., Courtine, G., … Delacour, C.. (2019). Monolayer Graphene Coating of Intracortical Probes for Long-Lasting Neural Activity Monitoring. Advanced Healthcare Materials Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801331DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“The invasiveness of intracortical interfaces currently used today is responsible for the formation of an intense immunoresponse and inflammatory reaction from neural cells and tissues. this leads to a high concentration of reactive glial cells around the implant site, creating a physical barrier between the neurons and the recording channels. such a rejection of foreign analog interfaces causes neural signals to fade from recordings which become flooded by background noise after a few weeks. despite their invasiveness, those devices are required to track single neuron activity and decode fine sensory or motor commands. in particular, such quantitative and long-lasting recordings of individual neurons are crucial during a long time period (several months) to restore essential functions of the cortex, disrupted after injuries, stroke, or neurodegenerative diseases. to overcome this limitation, graphene and related materials have attracted numerous interests, as they gather in the same material many suitable properties for interfacing living matter, such as an exceptionally high neural affinity, diffusion barrier, and high physical robustness. in this work, the neural affinity of a graphene monolayer with numerous materials commonly used in neuroprostheses is compared, and its impact on the performance and durability of intracortical probes is investigated. for that purpose, an innovative coating method to wrap 3d intracortical probes with a continuous monolayer graphene is developed. experimental evidence demonstrate the positive impact of graphene on the bioacceptance of conventional intracortical probes, in terms of detection efficiency and tissues responses, allowing real-time samplings of motor neuron activity during 5 weeks. since continuous graphene coatings can easily be implemented on a wide range of 3d surfaces, this study further motivates the use of graphene and related materials as it could significantly contribute to reduce the current rejection of neural probes currently used in many research areas, from fundamental neurosciences to medicine and neuroprostheses.”

Moschetta, M., Lee, J. Y., Rodrigues, J., Podestà, A., Varvicchio, O., Son, J., … Capasso, A.. (2021). Hydrogenated Graphene Improves Neuronal Network Maturation and Excitatory Transmission. Advanced Biology Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000177DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Graphene is regarded as a viable bio-interface for neuroscience due to its biocompatibility and electrical conductivity, which would contribute to efficient neuronal network signaling. here, monolayer graphene grown via chemical vapor deposition is treated with remote hydrogen plasma to demonstrate that hydrogenated graphene (hgr) fosters improved cell-to-cell communication with respect to pristine graphene in primary cortical neurons. when transferred to polyethylene terephthalate, hgr exhibits higher wettability than graphene (water contact angle of 83.7° vs 40.7°), while preserving electrical conductivity (≈3 kω □-1). a rich and mature network is observed to develop onto hgr. the intrinsic excitability and firing properties of neurons plated onto hgr appears unaltered, while the basic passive and active membrane properties are fully preserved. the formation of excitatory synaptic connections increases in hgr with respect to pristine graphene, leading to a doubled miniature excitatory postsynaptic current frequency. this study supports the use of hydrogenation for tailoring graphene into an improved neuronal interface, indicating that wettability, more than electrical conductivity, is the key parameter to be controlled. the use of hgr can bring about a deeper understanding of neuronal behavior on artificial bio-interfaces and provide new insight for graphene-based biomedical applications.”

Liu, X., Lu, Y., & Kuzum, D.. (2018). High-Density Porous Graphene Arrays Enable Detection and Analysis of Propagating Cortical Waves and Spirals. Scientific Reports Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35613-yDOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Cortical propagating waves have recently attracted significant attention by the neuroscience community. these travelling waves have been suggested to coordinate different brain areas and play roles in assisting neural plasticity and learning. however, it is extremely challenging to record them with very fine spatial scales over large areas to investigate their effect on neural dynamics or network connectivity changes. in this work, we employ high-density porous graphene microelectrode arrays fabricated using laser pyrolysis on flexible substrates to study the functional network connectivity during cortical propagating waves. the low-impedance porous graphene arrays are used to record cortical potentials during theta oscillations and drug-induced seizures in vivo. spatiotemporal analysis on the neural recordings reveal that theta oscillations and epileptiform activities have distinct characteristics in terms of both synchronization and resulting propagating wave patterns. to investigate the network connectivity during the propagating waves, we perform network analysis. the results show that the propagating waves are consistent with the functional connectivity changes in the neural circuits, suggesting that the underlying network states are reflected by the cortical potential propagation patterns.”

Ye, S., Yang, P., Cheng, K., Zhou, T., Wang, Y., Hou, Z., … Ren, L.. (2016). Drp1-Dependent Mitochondrial Fission Mediates Toxicity of Positively Charged Graphene in Microglia. ACS Biomaterials Science and Engineering Plain numerical DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00465DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“The unique physicochemical properties of graphene and its derivatives enable their application in the diagnostics and therapy of central nervous system (cns) diseases. however, the potential impacts of surface properties of functionalized graphene on microglia remain poorly understood. herein, we used graphene oxides (go), polyethylene glycol (peg)- and polyethylenimine (pei)-functionalized go, which possess different surface charges, to investigate their effects on microglia by focusing on mitochondrial dynamics. the positively charged go-pei was found to promote mitochondrial fission as observed in bv-2 cells with mitochondria labeled by dsred2-mito, indicating that alterations in mitochondrial dynamics depend on the surface properties of graphene. concurrent to mitochondrial fragmentation, treatment with positively charged go-pei induced an increase in mitochondrial recruitment of dynamin-related protein (drp1). additionally, go-pei treatment also led to apoptotic and autophagic cell death. however, drp1 silencing by small interfering rna (sirna) could effectively attenuate go-pei-induced apoptotic and autophagic cell death, indicating that mitochondrial fragmentation occurs upstream of go-pei-mediated toxicity in microglia. overall, our study indicated that positively charged go-pei might cause deleterious influence on the central immune homeostasis by drp1-dependent mitochondrial fragmentation, and provide the strategies for the rational design of graphene-based materials in neuroscience.”

Balch, H. B., McGuire, A. F., Horng, J., Tsai, H. Z., Qi, K. K., Duh, Y. S., … Wang, F.. (2021). Graphene Electric Field Sensor Enables Single Shot Label-Free Imaging of Bioelectric Potentials. Nano Letters Plain numerical DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c00543DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“The measurement of electrical activity across systems of excitable cells underlies current progress in neuroscience, cardiac pharmacology, and neurotechnology. however, bioelectricity spans orders of magnitude in intensity, space, and time, posing substantial technological challenges. the development of methods permitting network-scale recordings with high spatial resolution remains key to studies of electrogenic cells, emergent networks, and bioelectric computation. here, we demonstrate single-shot and label-free imaging of extracellular potentials with high resolution across a wide field-of-view. the critically coupled waveguide-amplified graphene electric field (cage) sensor leverages the field-sensitive optical transitions in graphene to convert electric potentials into the optical regime. as a proof-of-concept, we use the cage sensor to detect native electrical activity from cardiac action potentials with tens-of-microns resolution, simultaneously map the propagation of these potentials at tissue-scale, and monitor their modification by pharmacological agents. this platform is robust, scalable, and compatible with existing microscopy techniques for multimodal correlative imaging.”

Shokoueinejad, M., Park, D. W., Jung, Y. H., Brodnick, S. K., Novello, J., Dingle, A., … Williams, J.. (2019). Progress in the field of micro-electrocorticography. Micromachines Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/mi10010062DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Since the 1940s electrocorticography (ecog) devices and, more recently, in the last decade, micro-electrocorticography (μecog) cortical electrode arrays were used for a wide set of experimental and clinical applications, such as epilepsy localization and brain-computer interface (bci) technologies. miniaturized implantable μecog devices have the advantage of providing greater-density neural signal acquisition and stimulation capabilities in a minimally invasive fashion. an increased spatial resolution of the μecog array will be useful for greater specificity diagnosis and treatment of neuronal diseases and the advancement of basic neuroscience and bci research. in this review, recent achievements of ecog and μecog are discussed. the electrode configurations and varying material choices used to design μecog arrays are discussed, including advantages and disadvantages of μecog technology compared to electroencephalography (eeg), ecog, and intracortical electrode arrays. electrode materials that are the primary focus include platinum, iridium oxide, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (pedot), indium tin oxide (ito), and graphene. we discuss the biological immune response to μecog devices compared to other electrode array types, the role of μecog in clinical pathology, and brain-computer interface technology. the information presented in this review will be helpful to understand the current status, organize available knowledge, and guide future clinical and research applications of μecog technologies.”

Monaco, A. M., & Giugliano, M.. (2014). Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology Plain numerical DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.196DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“The search for advanced biomimetic materials that are capable of offering a scaffold for biological tissues during regeneration or of electrically connecting artificial devices with cellular structures to restore damaged brain functions is at the forefront of interdisciplinary research in materials science. bioactive nanoparticles for drug delivery, substrates for nerve regeneration and active guidance, as well as supramolecular architectures mimicking the extracellular environment to reduce inflammatory responses in brain implants, are within reach thanks to the advancements in nanotechnology. in particular, carbon-based nanostructured materials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes (cnts) and nanodiamonds (nds), have demonstrated to be highly promising materials for designing and fabricating nanoelectrodes and substrates for cell growth, by virtue of their peerless optical, electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties. in this review we discuss the state-of-the-art in the applications of nanomaterials in biological and biomedical fields, with a particular emphasis on neuroengineering.”

Zhao, S., Liu, X., Xu, Z., Ren, H., Deng, B., Tang, M., … Duan, X.. (2016). Graphene Encapsulated Copper Microwires as Highly MRI Compatible Neural Electrodes. Nano Letters Plain numerical DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03829DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Magnetic resonance imaging (mri) compatible neural electrodes are important for combining high-resolution electrophysiological measurements with more global mri mapping of brain activity, which is critical for fundamental neuroscience studies, as well as clinical evaluation and monitoring. copper is a favorable material to use in mri because it has magnetic susceptibility close to water and tissues. however, the cytotoxicity of copper precludes its direct implantation for neural recording. here, we overcome this limitation by developing a graphene encapsulated copper (g-cu) microelectrode. the toxicity of copper is largely eliminated, as evidenced by the in vitro cell tests and in vivo histology studies. local field potentials and single-unit spikes were recorded from rodent brains with the g-cu microelectrodes. notably, the g-cu microelectrodes show no image artifacts in a 7.0 t mri scanner, indicating minimal magnetic field distortion in their vicinity. this high mri compatibility of our g-cu probes would open up new opportunities for fundamental brain activity studies and clinical applications requiring continuous mri and electrophysiological recordings.”

Li, G., Yang, J., Yang, W., Wang, F., Wang, Y., Wang, W., & Liu, L.. (2018). Label-free multidimensional information acquisition from optogenetically engineered cells using a graphene transistor. Nanoscale Plain numerical DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07264cDOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“The optogenetic technique, which allows the manipulation of cellular activity patterns in space and time by light, has transformed the field of neuroscience. however, acquiring multidimensional optogenetic information remains challenging despite the fact that several cellular information detection methods have been proposed. herein, we present a new method to acquire label-free multidimensional information from optogenetically engineered cells using a graphene transistor. using a graphene film to form a strong densely packed layer with cells, the cellular action potentials were characterized as light-activated transistor conductance signals, which quantified the multidimensional optogenetic information. based on this approach, some important cellular optogenetic information, including electrophysiological state, cell concentration, expression levels of opsin and response to variable light intensity, were also precisely detected. furthermore, the graphene transistor was also used to distinguish cells expressing different channelrhodopsin-2 variants. our study offers a general detection method of multidimensional optogenetic information for extending the applications of the optogenetic technique and provides a novel sensor for the development of future biological prosthetic devices.”

Liu, S., Zhao, Y., Hao, W., Zhang, X. D., & Ming, D.. (2020). Micro- and nanotechnology for neural electrode-tissue interfaces. Biosensors and Bioelectronics Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112645DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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Wu, T., Li, Y., Liang, X., Liu, X., & Tang, M.. (2021). Identification of potential circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks in response to graphene quantum dots in microglia by microarray analysis. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111672DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Along with the increasing application of graphene quantum dots (gqds) in the fields of biomedicine and neuroscience, it is important to assess the probably adverse effects of gqds in the central nervous system (cns) but their underlying toxic mechanisms is still unclear. in this study, we evaluate the molecular mechanisms associated with circular rnas (circrnas) of nitrogen-doped gqds (n-gqds) and amino-functionalized gqds (a-gqds) damaging the cell viability and cellular structure in microglia by an integrative analysis of rna microarray. the differentially expressed circrna (decircrnas)-mirna- differentially expressed mrna (demrnas) regulatory networks were conducted in bv2 microglial cells treated with 25 µg/ml n-gqds, 100 µg/ml n-gqds and 100 µg/ml a-gqds. based on that, the protein-coding genes in each cerna network were collected to do bio-functional analysis to evaluate signaling pathways that were indirectly mediated by circrnas. some pathways that could play indispensable roles in the neurotoxicity of n-gqds or both two kinds of gqds were found. low-dosed n-gqds exposure mainly induced inflammatory action in microglia, while high-dosed n-gqds and a-gqds exposure both affect olfactory transduction and gabaergic synapse. meanwhile, several classical signaling pathways, including mtor, erbb and mapk, could make diverse contributions to the neurotoxicity of both two kinds of gqds. these circrnas could be toxic biomarkers or protective targets in neurotoxicity of gqds. more importantly, they emphasized the necessity of comprehensive analysis of latent molecular mechanisms through epigenetics approaches in biosafety assessment of graphene-based nanomaterials.”

Guo, C. X., Ng, S. R., Khoo, S. Y., Zheng, X., Chen, P., & Li, C. M.. (2012). RGD-peptide functionalized graphene biomimetic live-cell sensor for real-time detection of nitric oxide molecules. ACS Nano Plain numerical DOI: 10.1021/nn301974uDOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“It is always challenging to construct a smart functional nanostructure with specific physicochemical properties to real time detect biointeresting molecules released from live-cells. we report here a new approach to build a free-standing biomimetic sensor by covalently bonding rgd-peptide on the surface of pyrenebutyric acid functionalized graphene film. the resulted graphene biofilm sensor comprises a well-packed layered nanostructure, in which the rgd-peptide component provides desired biomimetic properties for superior human cell attachment and growth on the film surface to allow real-time detection of nitric oxide, an important signal yet short-life molecule released from the attached human endothelial cells under drug stimulations. the film sensor exhibits good flexibility and stability by retaining its original response after 45 bending/relaxing cycles and high reproducibility from its almost unchanged current responses after 15 repeated measurements, while possessing high sensitivity, good selectivity against interferences often existing in biological systems, and demonstrating real time quantitative detection capability toward nitric oxide molecule released from living cells. this study not only demonstrates a facial approach to fabricate a smart nanostructured graphene-based functional biofilm, but also provides a powerful and reliable platform to the real-time study of biointeresting molecules released from living cells, thus rendering potential broad applications in neuroscience, screening drug therapy effect, and live-cell assays. © 2012 american chemical society.”

Liu, & Speranza. (2019). Functionalization of Carbon Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications. C — Journal of Carbon Research Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/c5040072DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Over the past decade, carbon nanostructures (cnss) have been widely used in a variety of biomedical applications. examples are the use of cnss for drug and protein delivery or in tools to locally dispense nucleic acids to fight tumor affections. cnss were successfully utilized in diagnostics and in noninvasive and highly sensitive imaging devices thanks to their optical properties in the near infrared region. however, biomedical applications require a complete biocompatibility to avoid adverse reactions of the immune system and cnss potentials for biodegradability. water is one of the main constituents of the living matter. unfortunately, one of the disadvantages of cnss is their poor solubility. surface functionalization of cnss is commonly utilized as an efficient solution to both tune the surface wettability of cnss and impart biocompatible properties. grafting functional groups onto the cnss surface consists in bonding the desired chemical species on the carbon nanoparticles via wet or dry processes leading to the formation of a stable interaction. this latter may be of different nature as the van der waals, the electrostatic or the covalent, the π-π interaction, the hydrogen bond etc. depending on the process and on the functional molecule at play. grafting is utilized for multiple purposes including bonding mimetic agents such as polyethylene glycol, drug/protein adsorption, attaching nanostructures to increase the cnss opacity to selected wavelengths or provide magnetic properties. this makes the cnss a very versatile tool for a broad selection of applications as medicinal biochips, new high-performance platforms for magnetic resonance (mr), photothermal therapy, molecular imaging, tissue engineering, and neuroscience. the scope of this work is to highlight up-to-date using of the functionalized carbon materials such as graphene, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, fullerene and nanodiamonds in biomedical applications.”

Crowe, M., Lai, Y., Wang, Y., Lu, J., Zhao, M., Tian, Z., … Diao, J.. (2017). A Proteoliposome Method for Assessing Nanotoxicity on Synaptic Fusion and Membrane Integrity. Small Methods Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/smtd.201700207DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Nanoparticles have received significant research interest for potential biomedical applications. before nanomaterials are administered to patients, their biocompatibility should be thoroughly evaluated through in vitro experiments and other preclinical procedures. many studies have sought to assess the toxicity of nanomaterials on synaptic transmission for neuroscience applications. however, it may be hard to perform such experiments because of the difficulty associated with delivering synthesized nanomaterials across cell membranes. here, an in vitro method is demonstrated that mimics neuronal exocytosis, which features protein-reconstituted liposomes for nanotoxicity testing; the effects of graphene oxide and pristine graphene on fusogenic activity and membrane integrity are examined. these results demonstrate the potential of this system as a novel in vitro platform for assessing the biocompatibility of nanomaterials, drug molecules, and other substances.”

Liu, Y., & Duan, X.. (2020). Carbon-based nanomaterials for neural electrode technology. Wuli Huaxue Xuebao/ Acta Physico - Chimica Sinica Plain numerical DOI: 10.3866/PKU.WHXB202007066DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“As a powerful tool for monitoring and modulating neural activities, implantable neural electrodes constitute the basis for a wide range of applications, including fundamental studies of brain circuits and functions, treatment of various neurological diseases, and realization of brain-machine interfaces. however, conventional neural electrodes have the issue of mechanical mismatch with soft neural tissues, which can result in tissue inflammation and gliosis, thus causing degradation of function over chronic implantation. furthermore, implantable neural electrodes, especially depth electrodes, can only carry out limited data sampling within predefined anatomical regions, making it challenging to perform large-area brain mapping. with excellent electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties, carbonbased nanomaterials, including graphene and carbon nanotubes (cnts), have been used as materials of implantable neural electrodes in recent years. electrodes made from graphene and cnt fibers exhibit low electrochemical impedance, benefiting from the porous microstructure of the fibers. this enables a much smaller size of neural electrode. together with the low young’s modulus of the fibers, this small size results in very soft electrodes. soft neural electrodes made from graphene and cnt fibers show a much-reduced inflammatory response and enable stable chronic in vivo action potential recording for 4-5 months. combining different modalities of neural interfacing, including electrophysiological measurement, optical imaging/stimulation, and magnetic resonance imaging (mri), could leverage the spatial and temporal resolution advantages of different techniques, thus providing new insights into how neural circuits process information. transparent neural electrode arrays made from graphene or cnts enable simultaneous calcium imaging through the transparent electrodes, from which concurrent electrical recording is taken, thus providing complementary cellular information in addition to high-temporal-resolution electrical recording. transparent neural electrodes from carbon-based nanomaterials can record well-defined neuronal response signals with negligible light-induced artifacts from cortical surfaces under optogenetic stimulation. graphene and cnt-based materials were used to fabricate mri-compatible neural electrodes with negligible artifacts under high field mri. simultaneous deep brain stimulation (dbs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fmri) with graph…”

Bramini, M., Rocchi, A., Benfenati, F., & Cesca, F.. (2019). Neuronal Cultures and Nanomaterials. In Advances in Neurobiology Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-11135-9_3DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“In recent years, the scientific community has witnessed an exponential increase in the use of nanomaterials for biomedical applications. in particular, the interest of graphene and graphene-based materials has rapidly risen in the neuroscience field due to the properties of this material, such as high conductivity, transparency and flexibility. as for any new material that aims to play a role in the biomedical area, a fundamental aspect is the evaluation of its toxicity, which strongly depends on material composition, chemical functionalization and dimensions. furthermore, a wide variety of three-dimensional scaffolds have also started to be exploited as a substrate for tissue engineering. in this application, the topography is probably the most relevant amongst the various properties of the different materials, as it may allow to instruct and interrogate neural networks, as well as to drive neural growth and differentiation. this chapter discusses the in vitro approaches, ranging from microscopy analysis to physiology measurements, to investigate the interaction of graphene with the central nervous system. moreover, the in vitro use of three-dimensional scaffolds is described and commented.”

Govindhan, M., Liu, Z., & Chen, A.. (2016). Design and electrochemical study of platinum-based nanomaterials for sensitive detection of nitric oxide in biomedical applications. Nanomaterials Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/nano6110211DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“The extensive physiological and regulatory roles of nitric oxide (no) have spurred the development of no sensors, which are of critical importance in neuroscience and various medical applications. the development of electrochemical no sensors is of significant importance, and has garnered a tremendous amount of attention due to their high sensitivity and selectivity, rapid response, low cost, miniaturization, and the possibility of real-time monitoring. nanostructured platinum (pt)-based materials have attracted considerable interest regarding their use in the design of electrochemical sensors for the detection of no, due to their unique properties and the potential for new and innovative applications. this review focuses primarily on advances and insights into the utilization of nanostructured pt-based electrode materials, such as nanoporous pt, pt and ptau nanoparticles, ptau nanoparticle/reduced graphene oxide (rgo), and ptw nanoparticle/rgo-ionic liquid (il) nanocomposites, for the detection of no. the design, fabrication, characterization, and integration of electrochemical no sensing performance, selectivity, and durability are addressed. the attractive electrochemical properties of pt-based nanomaterials have great potential for increasing the competitiveness of these new sensors and open up new opportunities in the creation of novel no-sensing technologies for biological and medical applications.”

Kostarelos, K., Vincent, M., Hebert, C., & Garrido, J. A.. (2017). Graphene in the Design and Engineering of Next-Generation Neural Interfaces. Advanced Materials Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700909DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Neural interfaces are becoming a powerful toolkit for clinical interventions requiring stimulation and/or recording of the electrical activity of the nervous system. active implantable devices offer a promising approach for the treatment of various diseases affecting the central or peripheral nervous systems by electrically stimulating different neuronal structures. all currently used neural interface devices are designed to perform a single function: either record activity or electrically stimulate tissue. because of their electrical and electrochemical performance and their suitability for integration into flexible devices, graphene-based materials constitute a versatile platform that could help address many of the current challenges in neural interface design. here, how graphene and other 2d materials possess an array of properties that can enable enhanced functional capabilities for neural interfaces is illustrated. it is emphasized that the technological challenges are similar for all alternative types of materials used in the engineering of neural interface devices, each offering a unique set of advantages and limitations. graphene and 2d materials can indeed play a commanding role in the efforts toward wider clinical adoption of bioelectronics and electroceuticals.”

Pampaloni, N. P., Giugliano, M., Scaini, D., Ballerini, L., & Rauti, R.. (2019). Advances in nano neuroscience: From nanomaterials to nanotools. Frontiers in Neuroscience Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00953DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“During the last decades, neuroscientists have increasingly exploited a variety of artificial, de-novo synthesized materials with controlled nano-sized features. for instance, a renewed interest in the development of prostheses or neural interfaces was driven by the availability of novel nanomaterials that enabled the fabrication of implantable bioelectronics interfaces with reduced side effects and increased integration with the target biological tissue. the peculiar physical-chemical properties of nanomaterials have also contributed to the engineering of novel imaging devices toward sophisticated experimental settings, to smart fabricated scaffolds and microelectrodes, or other tools ultimately aimed at a better understanding of neural tissue functions. in this review, we focus on nanomaterials and specifically on carbon-based nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes (cnts) and graphene. while these materials raise potential safety concerns, they represent a tremendous technological opportunity for the restoration of neuronal functions. we then describe nanotools such as nanowires and nano-modified mea for high-performance electrophysiological recording and stimulation of neuronal electrical activity. we finally focus on the fabrication of three-dimensional synthetic nanostructures, used as substrates to interface biological cells and tissues in vitro and in vivo.”

Liu, X., Ren, C., Lu, Y., Hattori, R., Shi, Y., Zhao, R., … Kuzum, D.. (2019). Decoding ECoG High Gamma Power from Cellular Calcium Response using Transparent Graphene Microelectrodes. In International IEEE/EMBS Conference on Neural Engineering, NER Plain numerical DOI: 10.1109/NER.2019.8717147DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“The ecog has been widely used in human brain research, while 2-photon microscopy has been broadly applied to basic neuroscience studies using animal models. bridging the gap between the 2-photon microscopy and the ecog is critical for transferring the vast amount of neuroscience knowledge obtained from animal models to human brain studies. here we develop an lstm recurrent neural network model to decode the ecog high gamma power from the cellular calcium activities obtained by multimodal ecog recordings and 2-photon calcium imaging enabled by transparent graphene microelectrode arrays. in both awake and anesthetized states, our model can successfully decode the stimulus-induced ecog high gamma power increases and its spontaneous fluctuations in the absence of stimulus.”

Lee, J. H., Shin, Y. C., Jin, O. S., Han, D. W., Kang, S. H., Hong, S. W., & Kim, J. M.. (2012). Enhanced neurite outgrowth of PC-12 cells on graphene-monolayer-coated substrates as biomimetic cues. Journal of the Korean Physical Society Plain numerical DOI: 10.3938/jkps.61.1696DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Neurons are electrically excitable cells that transmit and process information in the nervous system. recently, the differentiation of human neural stem cells to neurons has been shown to be enhanced on graphene substrates, and differentiated neurons have been shown to be able to still carry electrical signals when stimulated by graphene electrodes. graphene films grown by using chemical vapor deposition were transferred onto glass coverslips by using the scooping method and were then coated with fetal bovine serum for a neuronal cell culture. the graphene substrates as biomimetic cues have been shown to enhance the neurite outgrowth of pc-12 cells. our findings suggest that graphene has a unique surface property that can promote neuronal cells, which should open tremendous opportunities in neuroscience, neural engineering and regenerative medicine. © 2012 the korean physical society.”

Gutruf, P., Good, C. H., & Rogers, J. A.. (2018). Perspective: Implantable optical systems for neuroscience research in behaving animal models—Current approaches and future directions. APL Photonics Plain numerical DOI: 10.1063/1.5040256DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Perspective: biomedical sensing and imaging with optical fibers-innovation through convergence of science disciplines apl photonics 3, 100902 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5040861 invited article: enhanced four-wave mixing in waveguides integrated with graphene oxide apl photonics 3, 120803 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5045509 single crystal diamond micro-disk resonators by focused ion beam milling apl photonics 3, 126101 (2018); https://doi.”

Geracitano, L. A., Fagan, S. B., & Monserrat, J. M.. (2021). Analysis of global and Latin-American trends in nanotoxicology with a focus on carbon nanomaterials: a scientometric approach. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology Plain numerical DOI: 10.1002/jctb.6729DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“BACKGROUND: the scientific trends and developments in the field of nanotoxicology were analyzed through a scientometric approach. this study aimed to describe and unravel the main topics on nanomaterials concerning their potential toxicity. it was generated four databases: two for global nanotoxicological papers (ds1 and ds2) and two with a latin-american focus (la1 and la2). ds2 and la2 databases were constructed with studies dealing with the toxic effects of carbon nanomaterials. scientometric analyses were performed using citespace software. the following items were evaluated: frequencies, burst, centrality for co-citations of web of science categories, keywords, references, authors, and countries. results: global analysis resulted in a total of 29 798 papers for ds1 and 3835 for ds2. latin-american papers resulted in 1397 articles for la1 and 148 for la2. scientometric analyses indicated a specialization of the topics covered over time, ranging from general categories (such as chemistry) to more specialized ones (such as genetics or neurosciences). nano-silver prevailed in the nanotoxicological studies and graphene dominated in the field of carbon nanomaterials. in the last 5 years, a prominent growth has been observed in the number of studies that focus on the potential impact of nanomaterials on the environment. conclusion: the research efforts in nanotoxicology have been mainly concentrated on assays that use nano-silver; meanwhile, in carbon nanomaterials, the focus has been concentrated on toxicological tests with graphene. overall, we stress the importance of nanotoxicology as a strategy to obtain scientific information that can aid in the environmental sustainability of nanotechnologies.”

Abbasi, R.. (2018). Interpretable Machine Learning with Applications in Neuroscience. UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations

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“This thesis is divided into two parts. in part i, we examine the properties of thin sheets of carbon and boron nitride. we begin with an introduction to the theory of elastic sheets, where the stretching and bending modes are considered in detail. the coupling between stretching and bending modes is thought to play a crucial role in the thermodynamic stability of atomically-thin 2d sheets such as graphene.”

Wang, L., Jiang, T., Song, Y., Shi, W., & Cai, X.. (2014). Dopamine detection using a patch-clamp system on a planar microeletrode array electrodeposited by polypyrrole/graphene nanocomposites. Science China Technological Sciences Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s11431-014-5465-9DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“To achieve a dopamine (da) response with high sensitivity and high signal-to-noise ratio (s/n) with a patch-clamp system, polypyrrole/graphene (ppy/gr) nanocomposites were steadily electrodeposited by an electrochemical method on a planar microelectrode array (pmea) fabricated by a standard micromachining process. the electrodeposition process was carried out by chronopotentimetry measurement scanning from 0.1 to 0.8 c/cm2 at the current of 2 ma; 0.5 c/cm2 was found to be optimal. the pmea modified by ppy/gr at the 0.5 c/cm2 exhibits remarkable properties; for instance, the standard deviation (sd) decreases from 8.4614×10 -11 to 5.62×10-11 a, reduced by 33.52%, and the sensitivity increases from 2566.88 to 76114.65 μammcm-2, 29.65 times higher than the bare pt (platinum). a good linear relationship between the current and da concentration in the range of 0.30 to 61.71 μm was obtained, with a correlation coefficient of 0.997. the sensor is meaningful for neuroscience research and the treatment of neurological diseases. © 2014 science china press and springer-verlag berlin heidelberg.”

Golparvar, A. J., & Yapici, M. K.. (2018). Graphene-coated wearable textiles for EOG-based human-computer interaction. In 2018 IEEE 15th International Conference on Wearable and Implantable Body Sensor Networks, BSN 2018 Plain numerical DOI: 10.1109/BSN.2018.8329690DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Electrooculography (eog) is a well-known approach to analyze eye movement features. applications of eog can be found in various areas including medical diagnosis, neurosciences, control systems, sensors and interfaces for human-computer interaction (hci). however, standard gel-based electrodes limit wearability and portability which hinder the development of long-term eog monitoring applications. to overcome these limitations, we have employed graphene-coated fabric electrodes as suitable alternatives for the currently used silver/silver chloride (ag/agcl) ‘wet’ electrodes. proof of the concept is provided by side by side comparison of conventional electrodes and fabric electrodes in automatic blink detection with sequential multi-step thresholding algorithm. additionally, the eog biopotentials are converted into real-time digital signals which could be used as clock signals to facilitate the development of hci applications.”

Govindhan, M., & Chen, A.. (2016). Enhanced electrochemical sensing of nitric oxide using a nanocomposite consisting of platinum-tungsten nanoparticles, reduced graphene oxide and an ionic liquid. Microchimica Acta Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s00604-016-1936-yDOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“We describe a high-performance nitric oxide (no) sensor by using a nanocomposite consisting of platinum-tungsten alloy nanoparticles, sheets of reduced graphene oxide and an ionic liquid (ptw/rgo-il) that was deposited onto the surface of a glassy carbon (gc) electrode. the modified gc electrode exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of no with a strong peak at 0.78 v vs. ag/agcl due to the synergistic effects of bimetallic ptw nanoparticles, reduced graphene oxide nanosheets and an ionic liquid. the sensor possesses a detection limit as low as 0.13 nm, high sensitivity (3.01 μa μm−1 cm2), and good selectivity over electroactive interferents that may exist in biological systems. the sensor was tested to selectively distinguish no in actual human serum and urine samples, confirming potential practical applications. in our perception, the approach described here may be extended to the fabrication of various kind of composites made from metal nanostructures, graphene and ionic liquids for medical and environmental analysis. [figure not available: see fulltext.]”

Monaco, A. M., & Giugliano, M.. (2015). Correction to Carbon-based smart nanomaterials in biomedicine and neuroengineering [Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 5, (2014) 1849-1863] doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.196. Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology Plain numerical DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.51DOI URLdirectSciHub download
Vázquez-Guardado, A., Yang, Y., Bandodkar, A. J., & Rogers, J. A.. (2021). Author Correction: Recent advances in neurotechnologies with broad potential for neuroscience research (Nature Neuroscience, (2020), 23, 12, (1522-1536), 10.1038/s41593-020-00739-8). Nature Neuroscience Plain numerical DOI: 10.1038/s41593-021-00813-9DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“In the version of this article initially published, errors occurred in the text and fig. 2 legend. in the paragraph beginning ‘advances in materials science are essential attempts…’ the platinum–silicone composites should have been described as ‘300 µm electrode diameter, 35 nm thickness, 1.4 ocm2 impedance, 57 µc/cm2 cics.’ in the paragraph beginning ‘microand nanofabrication techniques …’ the array of 360 recording sites for fast addressing should have been described as having sampling rates of ~277 hz. in the paragraph beginning ‘another area of progress …’ single- or few-layer sheets of graphene should have been described as having impedances of 1.6 ocm2 and 91 ocm2, respectively, while structures defined by colloidal sphere lithography and traditional photolithography should have been described as having impedances of 1.63 ocm2 and 0.14 oµm2, respectively. in the paragraph beginning ‘incorporating lenses and imaging …’ the phrase ‘at high sampling rates (16 hz) and fine resolution (~15 µm)’ should have cited ref. 74. in the fig. 2 legend, panel f should read ‘flexible array of 360 gold electrodes (300 × 300 µm2, spaced by 500 µm) supported by a backplane of active matrix electronics on a thin (25 µm) polyimide substrate for micro-electrocorticography (10 × 9 mm2) from the auditory cortex at a density of 400 electrodes cm–2.’ the references for panels g and h were swapped; they should read ‘g, ref. 34, springer nature; h, ref. 29, aaas.’ the errors have been corrected in the pdf and html versions of this article.”

Nasri, B., Wu, T., Alharbi, A., Gupta, M., Ranjitkumar, R., Sebastian, S., … Shahrjerdi, D.. (2017). Heterogeneous integrated CMOS-graphene sensor array for dopamine detection. In Digest of Technical Papers - IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference Plain numerical DOI: 10.1109/ISSCC.2017.7870364DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Understanding dopamine (da) signaling in the brain is essential for advancing our knowledge of pathological disorders such as drug addiction, parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia. currently, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (fscv) with carbon microfiber (cmf) electrodes is the method of choice in neuroscience labs for monitoring the concentration of phasic (transient) da release. this method offers sub-second temporal resolution and high specificity because the signal of interest occurs at a known potential. however, existing cmf electrodes are bulky, limiting the spatial resolution to single-site measurements. further, they are produced through manual processes (e.g. cutting cmfs under optical microscope), thus introducing significant device variability [1]. lastly, when long probes (3-to-5cm) are used to monitor da release in deep brain structures of large animals, environmental noise severely diminishes the detection limit [1]. to address these problems, we combine advances in nanofabrication with silicon chip manufacturing to create a heterogeneous integrated cmos-graphene sensor for accurate measurement of da with high spatiotemporal resolution (fig. 15.7.1).”

Tasnim, N.. (2018). An Integrated Study Towards Curing Neurodegenerative Disorders Using Materials Science and Stem Cell-based Tissue Engineering Approaches. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses

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“Neurodegenerative diseases affect around one billion people globally that are characterized by irreversible degeneration of brain tissues. these diseases cause serious effects on patients degrading their brain functions and causing enormous physical and mental health issues. parkinson’s disease (pd) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorder affecting millions of people worldwide which results from loss of dopaminergic (da) neurons in the mid-brain. unfortunately, no medical treatment is effective to date for these significant brain disorders, except some symptomatic therapies only focusing on improving the quality of patient’s life. two current approaches hold great promise in targeting pd as well as other neurodegenerative diseases, by surgically implanting electrodes for deep brain stimulation (dbs) and transplanting healthy neuronal cells at the site of tissue loss, due to disease in the brain. however, cells for transplantation need to be delivered via a scaffold. nerve regeneration in a scaffold of appropriate biomaterial is of great importance while being implanted inside the animal body for further clinical applications. in this dissertation, both approaches for treating pd were incorporated by in vitro studies using surface-engineering and tissue-engineering techniques. for the first approach, graphene oxide (go) coatings on commercially available 316l stainless steel (ss) surfaces was done to reduce the neurotoxicity of ss and modified surfaces showed hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, cell proliferation, and decreased reactive oxygen species (ros) expression with shsy-5y neuroblastoma cell lines. transplantation of stem cells in vivo is another approach for reducing the progression of pd by reversing the loss of affected da neurons. so, our second approach included differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into da neurons using sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, while they were cultured within collagen coated three-dimensional (3d) graphene foams. 3d multilayer graphene scaffold could mimic the actual brain tissue environment and more closely exhibit morphologies, functions and other necessary characteristics compared to 2d culture on tissue culture plastic. the graphene-based scaffolds were not cytotoxic as cells seemed to retain viability and proliferated substantially during in vitro culture. these results suggest the utility of graphene-based mater…”

Rastogi, S. K., & Cohen-Karni, T.. (2019). Nanoelectronics for neuroscience. In Encyclopedia of Biomedical Engineering Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801238-3.99893-3DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Characterizing the electrical activity between neuronal cells is crucial in understanding the complex processes in the brain, both in healthy and diseased tissue. neural interface technology that enables recording of the neuronal electrical activity as well as stimulation of the neurons has attracted great attention for both experimental and clinical applications. in this article, we discuss the fundamentals of the bioelectrical signals recording, and the advancements in the field of nano-bioelectronics, that is, the different kinds of materials and designs used to improve the cellular-device interface to enable recording and stimulation of the neuronal cells. furthermore, we discuss the development of synthetic biomaterials that enable fusion of electronics and bioactive scaffolds which are essential to regenerative engineering. we also discuss the technical and scientific challenges associated with these technologies, and the future prospects and opportunities.”

Salazar, P., Martín, M., Ford, R., O’Neill, R. D., & González-Mora, J. L.. (2018). Neurotransmitter microsensors for neuroscience. In Encyclopedia of Interfacial Chemistry: Surface Science and Electrochemistry Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-409547-2.13917-4DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Brain communication is mediated by exocytosis release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. over the last four decades researchers have explored diverse electrochemical techniques for sensing different oxidizable catecholamines such as dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine and their metabolites in individual cells, culture cells, and in in vivo applications. nowadays, carbon fiber microelectrodes are still the gold standard in neurochemical and neurophysiological studies although new materials, such as carbon nanotubes, polymers, graphene, and nanoparticles, have been introduced to improve their sensitivity, selectivity, and long-term stability. this article reviews the main issues involved in the design and application of such electrochemical microsensors for in vivo monitoring of key electroactive neurotransmitters.”

CHAPTER 4. Nanosensing the Brain. (2013) Plain numerical DOI: 10.1039/9781849735414-00130DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“This chapter provides an overview of the features and application of emerging nanomaterials and miniaturized electronic circuits for in vitro neuroscience research. innovative detection methods and sensors based on nanomaterials offer unprecedented spatial and temporal resolution to elucidate patterns of neuronal firings less invasively and with better signal-to-noise ratio. the chapter begins with a brief discussion of nanoparticles and quantum dots{,} and their application in sensor technology. incorporation of one-dimensional nanostructures in cell cultures can be used to induce superior and directed neuronal adhesion and growth. possibilities for the use of nanowires as probes{,} nanoelectrodes{,} optical enhancers and electrical detectors are explored and the use of the amazing two-dimensional nanostructure graphene in the field of neuroscience is examined{,} including some of the challenges with incorporating graphene in sensing field effect transistors for detection of neural cells activity. example applications of nanotechnologies in neuroscience{,} ranging from sensing of structural deformation of cells to stimulation of neuroregeneration{,} are described. the chapter concludes with a perspective on the challenges and developments anticipated with the application of nanotechnologies in neuroscience.”

Liu, X., Lu, Y., & Kuzum, D.. (2018). Investigation of Propagating Cortical Waves and Spirals Recorded by High Density Porous Graphene Arrays. In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS Plain numerical DOI: 10.1109/EMBC.2018.8512428DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Propagating waves along the cortical surface have recently attracted significant attention by the neuroscience community. however, whether these propagating waves imply network connectivity changes for the neural circuits is not known. in this work, we employ a high density porous graphene microelectrode array and perform in vivo experiments with rodents to investigate network connectivity during cortical propagating waves. the spatial-temporal analysis of the cortical recordings reveals various types of propagating waves across the recording area. network analysis results show that these propagating waves are consistent with the functional connectivity changes in the neural circuits, suggesting that the underlying network states are reflected by the cortical potential propagation patterns.”

Du, L., Hu, L., & Wu, C.. (2016). Micro/nano neuronal network cell biosensors. In Micro/Nano Cell and Molecular Sensors Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1658-5_6DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Neuronal network cell biosensors were developed by coupling the neuronal network with multisite detection devices. in this chapter, we will mainly focus on three major issues, including the patterned growth of neuronal networks, principles of various detection devices, and the application of neuronal network-based biosensors in the field of neuroscience and biomedicine. in the culture of neuronal networks, several neuronal patterning techniques will be discussed in detail, such as photolithography, micro-contact printing, microfluidics, etc. the transfection methods were employed in the bioengineering of neuronal networks in order to modify the function of neuronal network. in the field of neuronal network-based biosensor, there are two kinds of multisite detection devices: microelectrode array (mea) and field-effect transistor (fet). the basic working principle of fet and its advantages will be presented. based on this knowledge, two other emerging fetsutilized nanomaterials (graphene fet and nanowire fet) will also be introduced. at the end, some examples of neuronal network-based biosensors will be presented by discussing their application in the neuroscience research and drug detection.”

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Infektions“schutzgesetz“ § 21 – Impfstoffe

§ 21 Impfstoffe
URL: https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/ifsg/__21.html
Bei einer auf Grund dieses Gesetzes angeordneten oder einer von der obersten Landesgesundheitsbehörde öffentlich empfohlenen Schutzimpfung oder einer Impfung nach § 17a Absatz 2 des Soldatengesetzes dürfen Impfstoffe verwendet werden, die Mikroorganismen enthalten, welche von den Geimpften ausgeschieden und von anderen Personen aufgenommen werden können. Das Grundrecht der körperlichen Unversehrtheit (Artikel 2 Abs. 2 Satz 1 Grundgesetz) wird insoweit eingeschränkt.
Wie bei dem Begriff "Verteidigungsministerin" (cf. "United States Department of Defense" - welches in Wirklichkeit nicht verteidigt sondern brutale und unbegründete Angriffe ausführt) handelt es sich bei dem Begriff "Infektionsschutzgesetz" um einen psycholinguistisch strategisch eingesetzten Euphemismus. Die semantische Bedeutung wird invertiert (Bedeutungsumkehrung zu Zwecken der psychologischen Manipulation; sprich: Gehirnwäsche über Sprache).
Ein Euphemismus, auch: Glimpfwort, Beschönigung, Hehlwort, Hüllwort oder Verbrämung ist ein sprachlicher Ausdruck, der eine Person, eine Personengruppe, einen Gegenstand oder einen Sachverhalt beschönigend, mildernd oder in verschleiernder Absicht benennt. Das semantische Gegenstück zum Euphemismus ist der Dysphemismus. Dieser wertet das Bezeichnete ab und versieht es mit negativen Konnotationen. Beide, Euphemismus und Dysphemismus, gelten als rhetorische Figuren.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QL4GmixjoB0

Am 1. Juli 1969 erschien ein hochrangiger Beamter des Pentagons für biologische Kriegsführung, Dr. Donald MacArthur, vor dem Unterausschuss für Bewilligungen des Verteidigungsministeriums des US-Repräsentantenhauses. Dr. MacArthur erklärte den versammelten Abgeordneten, dass es innerhalb der nächsten 5 bis 10 Jahre wahrscheinlich möglich sein würde, einen neuen infektiösen Mikroorganismus herzustellen, der sich in bestimmten wichtigen Aspekten von allen bekannten krankheitsverursachenden Organismen unterscheiden könnte. Der wichtigste davon ist, dass er widerspenstig gegenüber den immunologischen und therapeutischen Prozessen sein könnte, von denen wir abhängen, um unsere relative Freiheit von Infektionskrankheiten aufrechtzuerhalten ... [Er] informierte den Unterausschuss, dass ein Forschungsprogramm zur Erforschung der Durchführbarkeit der Entwicklung einer solchen Krankheit, "ein synthetischer biologischer Erreger, ein Erreger, der nicht natürlich existiert und gegen den keine natürliche Immunität erworben werden könnte", nur etwa 5 Jahre in Anspruch nehmen würde und 10 Millionen Dollar kosten würde.

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US Vollspektrum-Dominanz

Joint Vision 2020 war ein Dokument, das am 30. Mai 2000 vom Verteidigungsministerium der Vereinigten Staaten veröffentlicht wurde und die Notwendigkeit einer "Vollspektrum-Dominanz" auf dem Schlachtfeld proklamierte. Die Konzepte der Joint Vision 2020 bildeten in der Folge die Grundlage der Militärdoktrin der Vereinigten Staaten.

Das Dokument beschreibt die militärischen Bedrohungen, mit denen die Vereinigten Staaten im Jahr 2020 konfrontiert sein könnten, sowie mögliche Antworten auf diese Bedrohungen.

Original Text (PDF)

http://pentagonus.ru/doc/JV2020.pdf

Vollspektrum-Dominanz, auch bekannt als Vollspektrum-Überlegenheit, ist die Erlangung der Kontrolle über alle Dimensionen des Kampfraums durch eine militärische Einheit, die effektiv über eine überwältigende Vielfalt von Ressourcen in Bereichen wie terrestrische, luftgestützte, maritime, unterirdische, extraterrestrische, psychologische und bio- oder cyber-technologische Kriegsführung verfügt.

Die Beherrschung des gesamten Spektrums umfasst den physischen Kampfraum; Luft, Oberfläche und Unterwasser sowie das elektromagnetische Spektrum und den Informationsraum. Kontrolle bedeutet, dass die Freiheit der gegnerischen Streitkräfte, den Kampfraum zu nutzen, vollständig eingeschränkt ist.

Das Verteidigungsministerium der Vereinigten Staaten definiert "Vollspektrum-Überlegenheit" wie folgt:

Der kumulative Effekt der Dominanz in der Luft-, Land-, See- und Weltraumdomäne und der Informationsumgebung, die den Cyberspace einschließt, der die Durchführung gemeinsamer Operationen ohne wirksame Opposition oder unzulässige Störungen ermöglicht."[1]

Die Doktrin des US-Militärs vertritt die strategische Absicht, diesen Zustand in einem Konflikt entweder allein oder mit Verbündeten[2] zu erreichen, indem jeder Gegner besiegt und jede Situation im gesamten Bereich der militärischen Operationen kontrolliert wird.

Die erklärte Absicht impliziert erhebliche Investitionen in eine Reihe von Fähigkeiten: dominantes Manövrieren, Präzisionseinsatz, fokussierte Logistik und volldimensionaler Schutz.

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Hacking DNA

Bill Gates sagte kürzlich in einem Interview zu einem Reporter, dass er, wenn er heute ein Kind wäre, Computer hacken würde: Er würde Biologie hacken.

Exzerpt aus dem Buch „Storing Digital Binary Data in Cellular DNA: The New Paradigm“ (2020)

p.28

Looking at the bright side, biologists of the near future will figure out how to program viruses andbacteria to deliver custom-made cures that shrink cancerous tumors or reverse the tide of dementia.However, in the superscary scenario, bioterrorists could engineer deadly superbugs that target humanson a genetic level. In a 2012 article inThe Atlantic, a technologically plausible scheme was presentedin which the president of the United States is assassinated by a highly contagious cold, designed totarget a weak link in his specific genetic code.

Die Biologen der nahen Zukunft werden herausfinden, wie man Viren und Bakterien so programmieren kann, dass sie maßgeschneiderte Heilmittel liefern, die Krebstumore schrumpfen lassen oder die Flut von Demenzerkrankungen umkehren. In einem Artikel aus dem Jahr 2012 inThe Atlantic wurde ein technologisch plausibles Schema vorgestellt, in dem der Präsident der Vereinigten Staaten durch eine hochansteckende Erkältung ermordet wird, die auf eine Schwachstelle in seinem spezifischen genetischen Code abzielt.

https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/11/hacking-the-presidents-dna/309147/
Auto translated
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Hacking der DNA des Präsidenten

Die US-Regierung sammelt heimlich die DNA von Staatsoberhäuptern der Welt, und schützt angeblich die von Barack Obama. Entschlüsselt könnten diese genetischen Blaupausen kompromittierende Informationen liefern. In nicht allzu ferner Zukunft könnten sie sogar noch mehr bieten - die Grundlage für die Entwicklung personalisierter Biowaffen, die einen Präsidenten ausschalten und keine Spuren hinterlassen könnten.
Von Andrew Hessel, Marc Goodman und Steven Kotler
Ausgabe November 2012

So ist die Zukunft angekommen. Es begann ganz harmlos, in den frühen 2000er Jahren, als Unternehmen zu erkennen begannen, dass hochqualifizierte Aufgaben, die zuvor intern von einem einzigen Mitarbeiter ausgeführt wurden, effizienter über das Internet an eine größere Gruppe von Menschen ausgelagert werden konnten. Zunächst wurde das Design von T-Shirts (Threadless.com) und das Schreiben von Enzyklopädien (Wikipedia.com) per Crowd-Sourcing vergeben, doch schon bald hielt der Trend Einzug in die härteren Wissenschaften. Schon bald wurden die Suche nach außerirdischem Leben, die Entwicklung von selbstfahrenden Autos und die Faltung von Enzymen zu neuartigen Proteinen auf diese Weise durchgeführt. Da die grundlegenden Werkzeuge der genetischen Manipulation - die keine zehn Jahre zuvor noch Millionen von Dollar gekostet hatten - rapide im Preis fielen, war das Design biologischer Wirkstoffe durch die Masse nur der nächste logische Schritt.

Im Jahr 2008 entstanden gelegentliche DNA-Design-Wettbewerbe mit kleinen Preisen; 2011, mit dem Start des 100-Millionen-Dollar-Wettbewerbs von GE zur Bekämpfung von Brustkrebs, entwickelte sich das Feld zu ernsthaften Wettbewerben. Anfang 2015, als personalisierte Gentherapien für Krebs im Endstadium zu einem Trend in der Medizin wurden, tauchten Websites für das Design von Viren auf, auf denen Menschen Informationen über ihre Krankheit hochladen und Virologen Entwürfe für eine individuelle Heilung veröffentlichen konnten. Aus medizinischer Sicht machte das alles durchaus Sinn: Die Natur hatte Äonen lang hervorragende Designarbeit an Viren geleistet. Mit ein wenig Umrüstung waren sie ideale Vehikel für die Übertragung von Genen.

Bald schon wurden diese Seiten mit Anfragen überschwemmt, die weit über Krebs hinausgingen. Diagnostika, Impfstoffe, antimikrobielle Mittel und sogar Designer-Psychopharmaka - alles stand auf der Speisekarte. Was die Menschen mit diesen Bio-Designs anstellten, war jedem selbst überlassen. Es gab noch kein internationales Gremium, das über sie wachte.

Als also im November 2016 ein Besucher mit dem Namen Cap'n Capsid zum ersten Mal eine Herausforderung auf der Viral-Design-Website 99Virions postete, schlug niemand Alarm; seine Anfrage war nur eine von etwa 100, die an diesem Tag eingereicht wurden. Cap'n Capsid war vielleicht ein Berater der pharmazeutischen Industrie und seine Aufgabe nur ein weiterer Versuch, die sich radikal verändernde Forschungs- und Entwicklungslandschaft zu verstehen - eigentlich hätte er jeder sein können -, aber das Problem war trotzdem interessant. Außerdem bot Capsid 500 Dollar für den Siegerentwurf, keine schlechte Summe für ein paar Stunden Arbeit.
Empfohlene Lektüre

Später zeigten die Logdateien von 99Virions, dass die IP-Adresse von Cap'n Capsid aus Panama stammte, obwohl dies wahrscheinlich eine Fälschung war. Die Design-Spezifikation selbst ließ keine roten Fahnen aufkommen. Geschrieben in SBOL, einer Open-Source-Sprache, die in der synthetischen Biologie sehr beliebt ist, schien es sich um eine Standard-Impfstoffanforderung zu handeln. Also machten sich die Leute einfach an die Arbeit, ebenso wie die automatischen Computerprogramme, die für die "Auto-Evolution" neuer Designs geschrieben worden waren. Diese Algorithmen wurden ziemlich gut und gewannen nun fast ein Drittel der Herausforderungen.

Innerhalb von 12 Stunden wurden 243 Designs eingereicht, die meisten von diesen computerisierten Expertensystemen. Doch dieses Mal war der Gewinner, GeneGenie27, tatsächlich ein Mensch - ein 20-jähriger Student der Columbia University mit einem Händchen für Virologie. Sein Entwurf wurde schnell an einen florierenden Online-Biomarktplatz in Shanghai weitergeleitet. Weniger als eine Minute später erhielt ein isländisches Synthese-Start-up den Auftrag, den 5.984-Basen-Paar-Bauplan in tatsächliches genetisches Material zu verwandeln. Drei Tage später wurde ein Paket mit 10-Milligramm-Mikrotabletten, die sich schnell auflösen, in einen FedEx-Umschlag gesteckt und an einen Kurier übergeben.

Zwei Tage später erhielt Samantha, eine Studentin im zweiten Semester an der Harvard University, das Paket. In dem Glauben, es enthalte ein neues synthetisches Psychedelikum, das sie online bestellt hatte, schob sie sich am Abend eine Tablette in ihr linkes Nasenloch und ging dann zu ihrem Kleiderschrank. Als Samantha mit dem Anziehen fertig war, hatte die Tablette begonnen, sich aufzulösen, und ein paar Stränge des fremden genetischen Materials waren in die Zellen ihrer Nasenschleimhaut eingedrungen.

Irgendeine Partydroge - alles, was sie bekam, schien eine Grippe zu sein. Später in der Nacht hatte Samantha leichtes Fieber und schüttete Milliarden von Viruspartikeln aus. Diese Partikel verbreiteten sich um...
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Was passiert mit den DNA Daten?

Was passiert mit den DNA Daten die durch die enorme Anzahl an PCR Test erhoben werden?

Exzerpt aus dem Buch "Storing Digital Binary Data in Cellular DNA: The New Paradigm" (2020)

p.28:

Wenn private DNA Merkmalsinformationen von Versicherungsgesellschaften oder potenziellen Arbeitgebern erlangt werden, könnte dies ernsthafte Auswirkungen auf die Versicherungstarife und Jobaussichten einer Person haben. Wenn zum Beispiel das DNA -Profil einer Person anzeigt, dass sie ein Risiko für Brustkrebs hat, wird eine Versicherungsgesellschaft diesem Kunden aufgrund der möglichen Auszahlungen, die sie leisten muss, wenn diese Person an Brustkrebs erkrankt, viel höhere Tarife berechnen wollen. In einem anderen Fall wird ein Arbeitgeber eine Person, die in ihrem DNA-Profil ein potenziell kriminelles Verhalten aufweist, nicht einstellen wollen, weil er nicht das Risiko von Kriminalität in seinem Unternehmen eingehen möchte. Insgesamt gilt: Wenn keine geeigneten Methoden eingesetzt werden, um den Zugang zu DNA-Profilen unter den richtigen Umständen strikt einzuschränken, können viele Menschen- und Persönlichkeitsrechte in Frage gestellt werden, und die Öffentlichkeit wird mit vielen sozialen Problemen konfrontiert.

Original:
If private characteristic information is obtained by insurance companies or potential employers, itcould seriously impact an individual’s insurance rates and job prospects. For example, if someone’sDNA profile displays that he or she is at risk for breast cancer, an insurance company will want tocharge that customer much higher rates due to the potential payouts they will have to give if and whenthat person does develop breast cancer. In another instance, job employers will not want to hire aperson who shows potential criminal behavior in his or her DNA profile, because they would not wantto risk crime within their company. Overall, if proper methods are not put in place to strictly restrict theaccess to DNA profiles in proper circumstances, then many human and privacy rights may be put injeopardy, and the public will face many social issues

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Digitale DNA

Heute sind wir in der Wissenschaft und Technologie, wo wir Menschen das, was die Natur bereits geleistet hat, verdoppeln und dann verbessern können. Auch wir können das Anorganische in das Organische verwandeln. Auch wir können Genome lesen und interpretieren, aber auch modifizieren. Und auch wir können genetische Vielfalt schaffen, indem wir die beträchtliche Summe dessen, was die Natur bereits hervorgebracht hat, ergänzen.
~ Dr. George Church

Exzerpt aus dem Buch „Storing Digital Binary Data in Cellular DNA: The New Paradigm“ (2020)
p.24

Alle Religionen glauben an Wunder, aber sie kommen zu zufälligennZeiten, und oft nur nachh einem echten Gebet. Gott mit den menschlichen Genen zu spielen ist die Mutter aller Wunder. Das Schneiden undd Einfügen vonnDNA ist einnwahrer "game changer" in der Genrevolution. Die Menschen, die heute in der Genetik forschen, zählen sich zu den Glücklichen. Sie zelebrieren eine neue Technik, die in jeder Hinsicht revolutionär ist.

All religions believe in miracles, but they come at random times, and often only after a genuine prayer.Playing God with human genes is the mother of all miracles. Editingdcutting and pastingdDNA is atrue “game changer” in the gene revolution. The people who are doing research in genetics today countthemselves among the lucky ones. They are celebrating a new technique that is, by all counts,revolutionary. The cause of their uncharacteristic giddiness is a remarkably reliable method of editingthe human genome.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=60Gi5lqL-dA

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Jeannot, E., Becette, V., Campitelli, M., Calméjane, M. A., Lappartient, E., Ruff, E., Saada, S., Holmes, A., Bellet, D., & Sastre-Garau, X. (2016). Circulating human papillomavirus DNA detected using droplet digital PCR in the serum of patients diagnosed with early stage human papillomavirus-associated invasive carcinoma. Journal of Pathology: Clinical Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjp2.47
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Der „Nasenbohrtest“

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Unbekannte metallische Nanopartikel in regulären Impfstoffen

Auto-Translation from: https://cognitive-liberty.online/undisclosed-metallic-nanoparticles-found-in-most-regular-vaccines-stefano-montanari-antonietta-gatti/

Zwei italienische Forscher haben herausgefunden, dass exotische Nanopartikel in fast allen Impfstoffe vorkommen (die Partikel waren nicht einfach Verunreinigungen). (In 43 von 44 Impfstoffen wurden metallischen Nanopartikel gefunden). Allerdings wurden sie von den Herstellern nicht offengelegt. Die geringe Größe dieser Partikel ermöglicht es ihnen, in unsere Zellen einzudringen und eine dauerhafte Wirkung zu haben (Sie gelangen auch problemlos ins Gehirn). Frau Gatti war im Begriff, in einer parlamentarischen Untersuchung über Impfschäden bei italienischen Militärkursen auszusagen, aber Ihr Labor wurde von der Polizei durchsucht und ihr gesamtes Material wurde weggenommen.

M Gatti, A. (2017). New Quality-Control Investigations on Vaccines: Micro- and Nanocontamination. International Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination, 4(1). doi.org/10.15406/ijvv.2017.04.00072

M. Gatti, A. (2017). Neue Qualitätskontrolluntersuchungen an Impfstoffen: Mikro- und Nanokontamination. International Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination, 4(1). doi.org/10.15406/ijvv.2017.04.00072

Aus der Studie: "Die Ergebnisse dieser neuen Untersuchung zeigen das Vorhandensein von mikro- und nanoskaligen, aus anorganischen Elementen bestehenden Partikeln in Impfstoffproben, die nicht als Bestandteile deklariert sind und deren unrechtmäßiges Vorhandensein vorerst unerklärlich ist. Ein erheblicher Teil dieser partikulären Verunreinigungen wurde bereits in anderen Matrices nachgewiesen und in der Literatur als nicht biologisch abbaubar und nicht biokompatibel beschrieben."

Original Text (PDF)

IJVV-04-00072(1)

James Grundvig über das World Mercury Project beschreibt recht gut, was passiert ist:

"Weil Gatti und Montanari ihre Forschungen über Nanostaub und Nanopartikel von in-vivo (im lebenden Organismus) und in-vitro (im Reagenzglas) bis hin zu dem, was an unsichtbarer Kontamination in Impfstoffen stecken könnte, im Jahr 2016 durchgeführt hatten, gerieten sie unter das Mikroskop der amerikanischen, europäischen und italienischen Behörden. Sie hatten die dritte Schiene der Medizin berührt. Sie hatten die No-Go-Zone mit dem vermeintlichen Verbrechen der wissenschaftlichen Forschung und Entdeckung überschritten.

Durch die Suche nach Nano-Kontamination in zufälligen Impfstoffen, Gatti und Montanari enthüllt, zum ersten Mal, was niemand wusste: Impfstoffe haben mehr als Aluminiumsalze Adjuvantien, Polysorbat-80, und andere anorganische Chemikalien in ihnen, sie beherbergt auch Edelstahl, Wolfram, Kupfer, und andere Metalle und seltene Elemente, die nicht in Spritzen gegeben Föten gehören, schwangere Frauen, Neugeborene, Babys und Kleinkinder entwickeln ihre Lungen, Immun- und Nervensystem."

https://youtu.be/Bvtz3iNTx60

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Maskenbefreiung

Gestaltet durch "unbekannter Telegram Nutzer".

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Offener Brief von Prof. Bhakdi an Merkel

Prof. Dr. med. Sucharit Bhakdi, Facharzt für Mikrobiologie und Infektionsepidemiolgie, leitete 22 Jahre das Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie und Hygiene der Universität Mainz. Er hat einen offenen Brief an die Bundeskanzlerin geschrieben mit 5 Fragen, die nach sofortigen Antworten verlangen, um festzustellen, wie begründet die derzeitigen massiven Einschränkungen unserer Grundrechte sind. Das Video erläutert die Fragen und deren Hintergrund.

sucharit-bhakdi-letter-merkel

https://swprs.org/offener-brief-von-professor-sucharit-bhakdi-an-bundeskanzlerin-dr-angela-merkel/

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Corona PLANdemie

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SSnJhHOU_28
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fxAwQJVRBG0

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Prävalenzfehler (base rate neglect)

Prävalenzfehler

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Prof. Noam Chomsky – University of Wisconsin (1989): Das Propagandamodell

https://youtu.be/zrx7RMZE_Wg

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Das Robert Koch-Institut im Nationalsozialismus

Das Robert Koch-Institut war zwischen 1933 und 1945 als staatliche Forschungseinrichtung des öffentlichen Gesundheitswesens eng in das nationalsozialistische Gesundheitssystem eingebunden. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht den personellen und organisatorischen Umbau, den das Institut unter der NS-Diktatur erlebte, und analysiert den Einfluss von NS-Ideologie und Kriegspolitik auf einzelne Forschungs- und Arbeitsfelder. Zugleich wird die Beteiligung von Wissenschaftlern des Robert Koch-Instituts an den nationalsozialistischen Medizinverbrechen umfassend aufgearbeitet.

https://www.amazon.de/Das-Robert-Koch-Institut-im-Nationalsozialismus/dp/3865990738

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Konformität und Gruppenzwang

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TYIh4MkcfJA&ab_channel=eqivideos

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Gerichtsurteil (AG Weimer): Maskenpflicht und PCR-Tests an Schulen untersagt

AG Weimar, 08.04.2021 - 9 F 148/21
Amtsgericht-Weimar-9-F-148-21-EAO-Beschluss-anonym-2021-04-08

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Rechtsauffassung zur Maskenpflicht

Verordnung der Landesregierung über infektionsschützende Maßnahmen gegen die Ausbreitung des Virus SARS-CoV-2 (Corona-Verordnung – CoronaVO)
Vom 30. November 2020
(in der ab 16. Dezember 2020 gültigen Fassung)

§ 3 Abs 2 Satz 2 (siehe Attachment Seite 12)
(2) Eine Verpflichtung zum Tragen einer Mund-Nasen-Bedeckung besteht nicht

2. für Personen, die glaubhaft machen können, dass ihnen das Tragen einer Mund-Nasen-Bedeckung aus gesundheitlichen oder sonstigen zwingenden Gründen nicht möglich oder nicht zumutbar ist, wobei die Glaubhaftmachung gesundheitlicher Gründe in der Regel durch eine ärztliche Bescheinigung zu erfolgen hat
Dies ist ein elastischer "Schwebeparagraph" der arbiträr interpretiert werden kann (was genau sind "sonstige zwingende Gründe"). Darunter fällt meines Erachtens das Gewissen und die moralische Pflicht sich der Irrationalität zu wiedersetzen welche in eine Diktatur führt. Die vermeidliche Gefahr die von SARS-CoV-2 ausgehen soll kann niemand vor Gericht beweisen. Im Gegenteil, die Statistiken sind harmlos und die Sterblichkeit ist nicht höher als bei einem gewöhnlichen Influenza Grippevirus. Es sollte aus rechtlicher Sicht also kein Problem sein ohne Maske einzukaufen (auch ohne Attest - eine verbale Glaubhaftmachung reicht de jure aus).

201215_CoronaVO_konsolidierte_Fassung_ab_201216

4_6040525026812232314

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Persönlichkeitspsychologie: Dunkle Triade vs. Helle Triade

Die Dunkle Triade oder auch Dunkler Dreiklang (englisch Dark Triad) bezeichnet die Persönlichkeitsmerkmale von Narzissmus, Machiavellismus und (subklinische) Psychopathie und ihre Zusammenhänge. Das Konzept wurde von den kanadischen Psychologen Delroy L. Paulhus und Kevin M. Williams im Jahr 2002 geprägt. Die drei Merkmale werden unterschiedlich und unabhängig voneinander konzeptionalisiert; obwohl es empirische Hinweise auf eine Überlappung gibt. Sie sind mit einem gefühllos-manipulativen interpersonellen Stil verbunden.

Im Aufbau...

Refs

Rogoza, R., & Cieciuch, J.. (2020). Dark Triad traits and their structure: An empirical approach. Current Psychology Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9834-6DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“In the present research we investigated the structure of the dark triad of personality. on the basis of analyses performed on a broad spectrum of different items from different measures of traits usually included into the dark triad we provided support for the ideas that: (1) narcissism and the dark dyad are independent constructs; (2) it is possible to differentiate twelve meaningful dark facets in the pool of dark items from various measure of psychopathy, machiavellianism and narcissism; (3) these facets could be organized within a hierarchical structure, which suggests that machiavellianism as it is currently measured is an aspect of psychopathy in a similar manner as exhibitionism is an aspect of narcissism; (4) distinguished facets are organized in a theoretically predictable pattern of relations with basic personality traits and values, just as narcissism and the dark dyad are related to personality metatraits and higher order values.”

Lebuda, I., Figura, B., & Karwowski, M.. (2021). Creativity and the Dark Triad: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104088DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“This paper presents a meta-analysis of the relationships between creativity (creative potential, activities, and achievement) and the dark triad of personality: narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy. multilevel meta-analytic models demonstrated a small but significant positive association between creativity and narcissism (r = 0.15 [0.10, 0.29]) and machiavellianism (r = 0.06 [0.02, 0.09]), but not with psychopathy (r = 0.03 [-0.02, 0.07]). creativity measures (self-report-vs.-performance), aspects (self-perception, creative activity, creative abilities, creative achievements), and domains (general, art, science, and everyday creativity) moderated the links with the dark triad. we discuss the possible mechanism of associations between dark triad traits and creativity and highlight future research directions.”

Nowak, B., Brzóska, P., Piotrowski, J., Sedikides, C., Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M., & Jonason, P. K.. (2020). Adaptive and maladaptive behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic: The roles of Dark Triad traits, collective narcissism, and health beliefs. Personality and Individual Differences Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110232DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“In a nationally representative sample from poland (n = 755), we examined the relationships between the dark triad traits (i.e., psychopathy, machiavellianism, and narcissism) and collective narcissism (i.e., agentic and communal) on the one hand, and behaviors related to the covid-19 pandemic at (1) the zero-order level, at (2) the latent variance level, and (3) indirectly through health beliefs about the virus (i.e., the health belief model) on the other. we focused on preventive and hoarding behaviors as common reactions toward the pandemic. participants characterized by the dark triad traits engaged less in prevention and more in hoarding, whereas those characterized by collective narcissism engaged in more hoarding only. coronavirus-related health beliefs mediated patterns of prevention (fully) and hoarding (partially) in the latent dark triad (dark core) and collective narcissism. however, specific beliefs worked in opposite directions, resulting in a weak indirect effect for prevention and a null indirect effect for hoarding. the results point to the utility of health beliefs in predicting behaviors during the pandemic, explaining (at least in part) problematic behaviors associated with the dark personalities (i.e., dark triad, collective narcissism).”

Kaufman, S. B., Yaden, D. B., Hyde, E., & Tsukayama, E.. (2019). The light vs. dark triad of personality: Contrasting two very different profiles of human nature. Frontiers in Psychology Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00467DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“While there is a growing literature on ‘dark traits’ (i.e., socially aversive traits), there has been a lack of integration with the burgeoning research literature on positive traits and fulfilling and growth-oriented outcomes in life. to help move the field toward greater integration, we contrasted the nomological network of the dark triad (a well-studied cluster of socially aversive traits) with the nomological network of the light triad, measured by the 12-item light triad scale (lts). the lts is a first draft measure of a loving and beneficent orientation toward others (‘everyday saints’) that consists of three facets: kantianism (treating people as ends unto themselves), humanism (valuing the dignity and worth of each individual), and faith in humanity (believing in the fundamental goodness of humans). across four demographically diverse samples (n = 1,518), the lts demonstrated excellent reliability and validity, predicting life satisfaction and a wide range of growth-oriented and self-transcendent outcomes above and beyond existing measures of personality. in contrast, the dark triad was negatively associated with life satisfaction and growth-oriented outcomes, and showed stronger linkages to selfish, exploitative, aggressive, and socially aversive outcomes. this exploratory study of the contrasting nomological networks of the light vs. dark triad provides several ways forward for more principled and data driven approaches to explore both the malevolent and beneficent sides of human nature.”

Wissing, B. G., & Reinhard, M. A.. (2019). The dark triad and deception perceptions. Frontiers in Microbiology Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01811DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“The present cross-sectional study (n = 205) tested the hypothesis that the dark triad traits – narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy – and the pid-5 maladaptive personality traits – negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, and psychoticism – are associated with specific deception-related perceptions: perceived cue-based deception detectability, perceived deception production ability, and perceived deception detection ability. participants completed personality and deception measures in an online setting. all three dark triad traits and antagonism were associated with perceived deception production ability, but not (substantially) with perceived deception detection ability and cue-based deception detectability. the results provide a more fine-grained picture of biases associated with the dark triad traits in the context of deception and further support the relevance of antagonism and detachment as deception-relevant personality traits.”

Pineda, D., Sandín, B., & Muris, P.. (2020). Psychometrics properties of the Spanish version of two Dark Triad scales: The Dirty Dozen and the Short Dark Triad. Current Psychology Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9888-5DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“The dark triad refers to three malevolent personality traits, namely narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy. the dirty dozen (dd) and short dark triad (sd3) have been developed as concise scales for measuring these traits. this study examined the psychometrics properties of the spanish version of the dd and sd3 in a non-clinical population recruited via the internet (n = 454). for both scales, we found (1) an adequate fit for the hypothesized factor structure with three separate but correlated malevolent traits; (2) mostly moderate to good reliability coefficients; (3) significant gender differences with males scoring higher on dark triad traits than females; (4) theoretically meaningful links with eysenck’s personality supertraits; (5) positive correlations with externalizing and – albeit to a lesser extent –internalizing psychiatric symptoms; and (6) that most dark triad traits were positively associated with a socially desirable response tendency. it can be concluded that the spanish dd and sd3 display highly similar psychometric qualities as the original scales and other translations of these measures.”

Rogoza, R., & Cieciuch, J.. (2019). Structural Investigation of the Short Dark Triad Questionnaire in Polish Population. Current Psychology Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9653-1DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Narcissism, machiavellianism and psychopathy are commonly referred to as the dark triad of personality. in the current study, we examined the structure of the dark triad measured by the polish version of the short dark triad (sd3). the study was conducted with 1012 individuals in poland. the analyses were performed in four steps: (1) the external validity of the sd3 was tested to provide evidence that sd3 is a valid measure of the three dark traits; (2) the structural validity of the sd3 was tested using competing models in confirmatory factor analyses; (3) the structure of narcissism was tested; and (4) the combined bifactor model of machiavellianism and psychopathy was tested. the results support the differentiation of the dark triad into a dark dyad (machiavellianism and psychopathy) and narcissism, which can be used in further theoretical work and new operationalization of the dark triad.”

Persson, B. N., Kajonius, P. J., & Garcia, D.. (2019). Revisiting the Structure of the Short Dark Triad. Assessment Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1073191117701192DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“In the past decade, extensive interest has been directed toward the dark triad (i.e., machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy), popularly assessed by the short dark triad (sd3). nevertheless, relatively little research has been conducted on the sd3’s factor structure. we investigated the sd3’s psychometric properties in three studies with three independent samples, using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (n 1 = 1,487; n 2 = 17,740; n 3 = 496). in all three studies, machiavellianism and psychopathy items displayed large general factor loadings, and narcissism larger specific factor loadings. in subsequent studies, two- and three-factor models fitted the data similarly, with the best fitting model being a bifactor model with items from machiavellianism and psychopathy modelled as one specific factor, and narcissism as a second specific factor. on this basis, we suggest that the sd3 does not seem to capture the different mental processes theorized to underlie the similar behaviors generated by machiavellianism and psychopathy. additionally, we recommend the use of a single sd3 composite score, and not subscale scores, as subscales contain small amounts of reliable variance beyond the general factor.”

Malesza, M., Ostaszewski, P., Büchner, S., & Kaczmarek, M. C.. (2019). The Adaptation of the Short Dark Triad Personality Measure – Psychometric Properties of a German Sample. Current Psychology Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s12144-017-9662-0DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“This research was designed to adapt and investigate the psychometric properties of the short dark triad measure (jones and paulhus assessment, 21(1), 28-41, 2014) in a german sample within four studies (total n = 1463); the measure evaluates three personality dimensions: narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism. the structure of the instrument was analysed by confirmatory factor analyses procedure. it indicated that the three-factor structure had the best fit to the data. next, the short dark triad measure was evaluated in terms of construct, convergent and discriminant validity, internal consistency (≥.72), and test-retest reliability during a 4-week period (≥.73). concurrent validity of the sd3 was supported by relating its subscales to measures of the big five concept, aggression, and self-esteem. we concluded that the short dark triad instrument presented high cross-language replicability. the use of this short inventory in the investigation of the dark triad personality model in the german language context is suggested.”

Gluck, M., Heesacker, M., & Choi, H. D.. (2020). How much of the dark triad is accounted for by sexism?✰. Personality and Individual Differences Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109728DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“This study explores the relationship between sexism (both hostile and benevolent) and the dark-triad personality traits of narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism, using the ambivalent sexism inventory, the short dark triad, and the dirty dozen. it also assesses whether the genders differed in dark-triad scores, as in other studies, and whether any gender differences are mediated by sexism scores. in bivariate correlations, sexism accounted for 12%-17% of dark triad scores. the magnitude of correlations between sexism and dark-triad scores were similar for men and women. replicating earlier research, t-tests indicated that men had higher dark-triad scores than women. analyses of covariance indicated that these gender differences in dark triad scores were substantially, though not completely, accounted for by hostile sexism. these findings demonstrated that sexist ideology substantially predicted dark-triad scores, suggesting sexism as one source of dark-triad traits. though correlational, these findings are consistent with the idea that, the dark triad, unlike many other traits, is partly the result of sexism and the socially-supported, unearned male power and privilege that sexism reflects.”

Diller, S. J., Frey, D., & Jonas, E.. (2020). Coach me if you can! Dark triad clients, their effect on coaches, and how coaches deal with them. Coaching Plain numerical DOI: 10.1080/17521882.2020.1784973DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“People with high dark triad levels, consisting of subclinical narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy, can have a destructive impact on their team members, subordinates, and the organisation. recent research has even found that the higher the leadership position, the more dark triad traits were displayed. as coaching is often for people in (higher) leadership positions, the following study with 64 coaches investigated the dark triad traits among their clients and how this affected the coach as well as the coaching. the results show that the higher the client’s leadership level was, the higher their dark triad level was perceived and, thus, the more anxious and distressed the coaches were regarding the client, leading to less coaching success. although the coaches did not name a definite strategy for dealing with such a client, the results showed that the higher their approach motivation was, the more successful the coaches was. the results depict the danger of high dark triad levels amongst coaching clients and its influences on the business coaching, implying theoretical and practical considerations.”

Wu, W., Su, Y., Huang, X., Liu, W., & Jiang, X.. (2020). The Dark Triad, Moral Disengagement, and Social Entrepreneurial Intention: Moderating Roles of Empathic Concern and Perspective Taking. Frontiers in Psychology Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01520DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Past research about social entrepreneurial intention has centered on the impact of bright personalities; however, dark personalities such as the dark triad are also considered to have advantages. this study explored the relationship between the dark triad and social entrepreneurial intention by focusing on the mediating role of moral disengagement and the moderating role of empathic concern and perspective taking. based on a sample of 491 undergraduates and 412 students in a master in business administration program in china, the dark triad was found to be negatively related to social entrepreneurial intention through moral disengagement. moreover, high levels of empathic concern and perspective taking weakened the direct effect of the dark triad on moral disengagement, as well as the indirect effect of the dark triad on social entrepreneurial intention. our study extends the research in the field of personality and entrepreneurship. given the findings on the role of moral disengagement, empathic concern, and perspective taking, education efforts may assist in decreasing the negative effects of the dark triad on social entrepreneurial intention.”

LeBreton, J. M., Shiverdecker, L. K., & Grimaldi, E. M.. (2018). The dark triad and workplace behavior. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior Plain numerical DOI: 10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104451DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Over the last 15 years, there has been growing fascination among scholars in studying ‘dark behaviors’ and ‘dark traits,’ especially as they are expressed in organizational contexts. one taxonomy of dark traits that has garnered special interest is the dark triad (dt), which is comprised of three toxic and malevolent traits: psychopathy, narcissism, and machiavellianism. this chapter offers a review of dt research, with a particular focus on research relevant to the organizational sciences. we begin with a definition of personality in general and the traits of the dt in particular, including a discussion of the clinical and subclinical variants of these traits. we then review literature linking the dt traits to an array of organizational outcomes, discuss how the dt traits may be assessed, and conclude with recommendations for future work.”

Jauk, E., & Dieterich, R.. (2019). Addiction and the Dark Triad of Personality. Frontiers in Psychiatry Plain numerical DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00662DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“In this article, we review associations between the dark triad of personality (narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy) and addictive behaviors, both substance-related and non-substance-related. we summarize evidence from personality and clinical research and integrate it with prevailing models of addiction. specifically, we discuss addictive behavior in the light of affect regulation, which is likely more relevant in narcissism, as well as inhibitory deficits, a putative mechanism in psychopathy. these mechanisms can be related to central motives of the respective personality constructs, such as stabilization of self-esteem in narcissism and impulsive stimulation seeking in psychopathy. we conclude that different mechanisms might lead to similar observable behavior in narcissism and psychopathy at earlier stages of the addiction cycle, but psychopathic disinhibition might be particularly relevant at later stages. this underpins the importance of considering personality factors for the understanding and treatment of addiction.”

Trombly, D. R. C., & Zeigler-Hill, V.. (2017). The Dark Triad and Disordered Gambling. Current Psychology Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s12144-016-9461-zDOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Disordered gambling refers to persistent and recurrent patterns of problematic gambling behavior leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. the purpose of the present study was to examine the connections that the dark triad personality traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism) had with disordered gambling in a sample of 572 undergraduate students (129 men, 443 women). our analyses revealed that narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism were each related to disordered gambling. however, psychopathy was the only dark triad personality trait that had a unique association with the risk for disordered gambling when controlling for the other dark triad traits. the discussion focuses on the implications of these results for understanding the connections between psychopathy and disordered gambling.”

Włodarska, K. A., Zyskowska, E., Terebus, M. K., & Rogoza, R.. (2019). The Dark Triad and BIS/BAS: a Meta-Analysis. Current Psychology Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-00467-8DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Are there any temperamental predispositions to developing a dark personality traits? within the current paper we address this question by investigating relations between the temperamental traits of the behavioural inhibition and approach systems (bis and bas, respectively) and the dark triad traits of personality. for this purpose, we conducted a meta-analysis of 18 studies with a total of 8911 participants. the results partially corroborated existing claims that the dark triad traits are a group of high-approach low-avoidance temperamental traits; however, the role of bas seems to be more important. among the dark triad traits, narcissism seems to be the most related to both the bis and the bas. psychopathy in turn seems to be mostly related to the fun-seeking facet of the bas. finally, machiavellianism appears to be the least related to temperamental traits. thus, it seems that only narcissism and psychopathy confirm the claim about a connection between the dark triad traits and a high-approach low-avoidance temperament.”

Brewer, G., Lyons, M., Perry, A., & O’Brien, F.. (2021). Dark Triad Traits and Perceptions of Sexual Harassment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0886260519827666DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Those high on dark triad traits (narcissism, machiavellianism, primary and secondary psychopathy) are more likely to engage in sexual harassment and less likely to empathize with others. few studies have, however, considered the impact of dark triad traits on perceptions of sexually aggressive behavior performed by others. the present study investigated the relationship between dark triad traits and perceptions of sexual harassment. heterosexual women (n = 142) aged 18 to 50 years (m = 20.86, sd = 5.62) completed the npi-16 (narcissistic personality inventory), mach iv, levenson self-report psychopathy scale, and sexual harassment attitudes questionnaire. standard multiple regressions were conducted to investigate the extent to which dark triad traits predicted victim and perpetrator blame and attitudes toward victim responses to sexual harassment. primary psychopathy was the only significant individual predictor such that women with higher levels of the trait were more likely to blame the victim and less likely to blame the perpetrator. in addition, primary psychopathy was related to higher endorsement of victim compliance, and lower likelihood of supporting confrontation of the perpetrator.”

Wai Yen, T., Reer, F., & Thorsten, Q.. (2020). The interplay of gaming disorder, gaming motivations, and the dark triad. Journal of Behavioral Addictions Plain numerical DOI: 10.1556/2006.2020.00013DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Background and aims: there is a considerable amount of research on the psychological antecedents and outcomes of gaming disorder. although many studies have examined various personality traits or motivations as predictors in isolation, fewer studies have investigated the mediations between personality traits and motivations. furthermore, the analyzed personality traits have been limited to a few core concepts, with the big five personality traits being a standard model in this context. however, more recently the dark triad of personality traits (machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy) has been found to be associated with various forms of problematic online behavior and usage, such as online gambling, yet little is known about gaming disorder. the current study examines the relationship of these dark personality traits to gaming disorder with three gaming motivations (achievement, social, and escapism) as mediators. method: the study uses an online survey of 1,502 german digital game users. results: results indicate a fully mediated association for narcissism via escapism and partial mediation associations for machiavellianism and psychopathy. direct effects on gaming disorder were observed for machiavellianism and psychopathy. indirect effects by psychopathy were observed via escapism and social motivation, by narcissism via escapism, and by machiavellianism via social motivation. discussion and conclusions: these findings contribute to the theoretical understanding of the mediation of gaming motivations and the dark triad personality traits’ importance for gaming disorder.”

Dowgwillo, E. A., & Pincus, A. L.. (2017). Differentiating Dark Triad Traits Within and Across Interpersonal Circumplex Surfaces. Assessment Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1073191116643161DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Recent discussions surrounding the dark triad (narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism) have centered on areas of distinctiveness and overlap. given that interpersonal dysfunction is a core feature of dark triad traits, the current study uses self-report data from 562 undergraduate students to examine the interpersonal characteristics associated with narcissism, psychopathy, and machiavellianism on four interpersonal circumplex (ipc) surfaces. the distinctiveness of these characteristics was examined using a novel bootstrapping methodology for computing confidence intervals around circumplex structural summary method parameters. results suggest that dark triad traits exhibit distinct structural summary method parameters with narcissism characterized by high dominance, psychopathy characterized by a blend of high dominance and low affiliation, and machiavellianism characterized by low affiliation on the problems, values, and efficacies ipc surfaces. additionally, there was some heterogeneity in findings for different measures of psychopathy. gender differences in structural summary parameters were examined, finding similar parameter values despite mean-level differences in dark triad traits. finally, interpersonal information was integrated across different ipc surfaces to create profiles associated with each dark triad trait and to provide a more in-depth portrait of associated interpersonal dynamics.”

Jones, D. N., & Paulhus, D. L.. (2014). Introducing the Short Dark Triad (SD3): A Brief Measure of Dark Personality Traits. Assessment Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/1073191113514105DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Three socially aversive traits-machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy-have been studied as an overlapping constellation known as the dark triad. here, we develop and validate the short dark triad (sd3), a brief proxy measure. four studies (total n = 1,063) examined the structure, reliability, and validity of the subscales in both community and student samples. in studies 1 and 2, structural analyses yielded three factors with the final 27 items loading appropriately on their respective factors. study 3 confirmed that the resulting sd3 subscales map well onto the longer standard measures. study 4 validated the sd3 subscales against informant ratings. together, these studies indicate that the sd3 provides efficient, reliable, and valid measures of the dark triad of personalities. © the author(s) 2013.”

Maneiro, L., Navas, M. P., Van Geel, M., Cutrín, O., & Vedder, P.. (2020). Dark triad traits and risky behaviours: Identifying risk profiles from a person-centred approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health Plain numerical DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176194DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“The relationship between dark triad traits and risky behaviours has been shown in recent years. however, few studies have attempted to disentangle this relationship using a person-centred approach. the goal of the current study was to identify subgroups of individuals on the basis of their scores on machiavellianism, psychopathy, and narcissism and analyse the differences between them in a set of risky behaviours (i.e., frequency of substance use, reactive and proactive aggression, risk perception and risk engagement, and problematic internet use). the sample consisted of 317 undergraduates aged 18–34 (46% males). the results of the latent profile analysis showed five subgroups of individuals that were identified based on their scores on the dark triad traits: low-dark triad, narcissistic, machiavellian/narcissistic, psychopathic, and machiavellian/psychopathic. overall, the machiavellian/narcissistic and machiavellian/psychopathic subgroups showed higher scores for most risky behaviours. the low-dark triad scored higher for risk perception. no significant differences between subgroups were found as regards frequency of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use. these findings suggest that the combination of the dark triad traits lead to more negative outcomes as regards risky behaviour than individual components. moreover, they highlight the relevance of using a person-centred approach in the study of dark personalities.”

Jones, D. N., & Neria, A. L.. (2015). The Dark Triad and dispositional aggression. Personality and Individual Differences Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.06.021DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Previous research has demonstrated that people who are callous are more likely to be interpersonally aggressive. the present study extends this finding to research on the ‘. dark triad’ traits (machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy), which all share a common core of callousness and manipulation. using crowd-sourcing and student samples, we examined the relationship between the dark triad traits with different facets of dispositional aggression. results indicated that a common dark triad factor (i.e., callousness and manipulation) predicted a common aggression factor. however, the individual dark triad traits uniquely predicted different facets of aggression. psychopathy positively predicted physical aggression, narcissism negatively predicted hostility, and machiavellianism positively predicted hostility. taken together, the findings shed light on the unique elements of the dark triad and their ability to predict unique forms of dispositional aggression.”

Harrison, A., Summers, J., & Mennecke, B.. (2018). The Effects of the Dark Triad on Unethical Behavior. Journal of Business Ethics Plain numerical DOI: 10.1007/s10551-016-3368-3DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“This article uses behavioral theories to develop an ethical decision-making model that describes how psychological factors affect the development of unethical intentions to commit fraud. we evaluate the effects of the dark triad of personality traits (i.e., psychopathy, machiavellianism, and narcissism) on fraud intentions and behaviors. we use a combination of survey results, an experiment, and structural equation modeling to empirically test our model. the theoretical insights demonstrate that psychopathy, machiavellianism, and narcissism affect different parts of the unethical decision-making process. narcissism motivates individuals to act unethically for their personal benefit and changes their perceptions of their abilities to successfully commit fraud. machiavellianism motivates individuals not only to act unethically, but also alters perceptions about the opportunities that exist to deceive others. psychopathy has a prominent effect on how individuals rationalize their fraudulent behaviors. accordingly, we find that the dark triad elements act in concert as powerful psychological antecedents to fraud behaviors.”

Lyons, M., Houghton, E., Brewer, G., & O’Brien, F.. (2020). The Dark Triad and Sexual Assertiveness Predict Sexual Coercion Differently in Men and Women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence Plain numerical DOI: 10.1177/0886260520922346DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“Sexual coercion is a global problem that has been studied widely with regard to various characteristics of the perpetrators. the dark triad of personality (i.e., narcissism, machiavellianism, and primary and secondary psychopathy) has been indicated as an important predictor of coercive cognitions and behaviors. in this study, we report findings of an online study (n = 208), exploring the relationship between sexual coercion, the dark triad, and sexual assertiveness (i.e., strategies for achieving sexual autonomy). we found that the dark triad was a stronger predictor of sexual coercion in men than in women. in men, all the dark triad components were significantly, positively correlated with sexual coercion, and narcissism and machiavellianism had significant, negative correlations with sexual assertiveness. in women, only narcissism had a significant, positive correlation with sexual coercion, and the dark triad traits were not correlated with sexual assertiveness. in regression analyses, controlling for shared variance between the predictor variables, high secondary psychopathy, and low sexual assertiveness emerged as significant predictors of coercion in men. only narcissism was a significant positive predictor in women. we discuss the results with a reference to evolutionary life history theory.”

Crysel, L. C., Crosier, B. S., & Webster, G. D.. (2013). The Dark Triad and risk behavior. Personality and Individual Differences Plain numerical DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.029DOI URLdirectSciHub download

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“The dark triad traits-machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy-are theorized to facilitate short-term, exploitative social tactics. thus, the dark triad traits should be positively related to (a) similar short-term-focused traits such as impulsivity and sensation-seeking, and (b) risky behaviors. in two studies (n>. 1400), we examined the relationships among the dark triad traits and impulsivity and sensation-seeking. in study 2, we incorporated risk behaviors, including blackjack betting and temporal discounting of money. both studies showed positive relationships among the dark triad traits and impulsivity and sensation-seeking. study 2 showed positive relationships among the dark triad traits, blackjack betting, and steeper temporal discounting. an experimentally manipulated ego threat in study 2 marginally moderated the narcissism-discounting relationship; ego-threatened participants had a significantly positive relationship, whereas those who were not threatened showed no relationship. we discuss implications of the dark triad traits for understanding risk behavior. © 2012 elsevier ltd.”

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Wurmartige Mizellen

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/TEM-image-showing-wormlike-micelles-of-PEO-PHO-in-a-BADGE-PN-system-Stained-with-RuO4_fig11_244306433
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Intracellular pH-activated PEG-b-PDPA wormlike micelles for hydrophobic drug delivery†

Haijun Yu,^a Zhiai Xu,^b Dangge Wang,^a Xianzhi Chen,^a Zhiwen Zhang,^a Qi Yin^a and Yaping Li*^a
Author affiliations
Abstract

Wormlike micelles with intracellular pH-activating properties were developed. The micelles remained in a “silent” state at physiological pH conditions (i.e. pH 7.4), but were activated in the acidic microenvironment of endocytic vesicles. The wormlike micelles could be employed as nanovectors for the intracellular delivery of hydrophobic drugs for cancer therapy.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/chemistry/worm-like-micelle

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Utilitarismus versus Deontologie (Kantianismus)

Der Utilitarismus (lat. utilitas, Nutzen, Vorteil) ist eine Form der zweckorientierten (teleologischen) Ethik (Nutzethik), die in verschiedenen Varianten auftritt. Auf eine klassische Grundformel reduziert besagt er, dass eine Handlung genau dann moralisch richtig ist, wenn sie den aggregierten Gesamtnutzen, d. h. die Summe des Wohlergehens aller Betroffenen, maximiert. Neben der Ethik ist der Utilitarismus auch in der Sozialphilosophie und den Wirtschaftswissenschaften von Bedeutung.

Deontologische Ethik oder Deontologie (von griechisch: δέον (deon) das Erforderliche, das Gesollte, die Pflicht, daher auch Pflichtethik) bezeichnet eine Klasse von ethischen Theorien, die den moralischen Status einer Handlung nicht nur anhand ihrer Konsequenzen bestimmen. Bestimmte Handlungen können daher als intrinsisch gut oder schlecht bezeichnet werden (abhängig von der Intention und nicht vom Resultat). Entscheidend ist dabei, ob die Handlung einer verpflichtenden Regel gemäß ist und ob sie aufgrund dieser Verpflichtung begangen wird.

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Berthold Brecht Zitate

Wer die Wahrheit nicht weiß, der ist bloß ein Dummkopf. Aber wer sie weiß und sie eine Lüge nennt, der ist ein Verbrecher. ~ Berthold Brecht

Corona Propaganda

2021-04-06T12:49:54+02:00

Wer die Wahrheit nicht weiß, der ist bloß ein Dummkopf. Aber wer sie weiß und sie eine Lüge nennt, der ist ein Verbrecher. ~ Berthold Brecht

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Die Erfindungen für Menschen werden unterdrückt, die Erfindungen gegen sie gefördert.

Corona Propaganda

2021-04-06T12:50:54+02:00

Die Erfindungen für Menschen werden unterdrückt, die Erfindungen gegen sie gefördert.

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Bankraub: eine Initiative von Dilettanten. Wahre Profis gründen eine Bank.

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2021-04-06T12:51:21+02:00

Bankraub: eine Initiative von Dilettanten. Wahre Profis gründen eine Bank.

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Die Schriftsteller können nicht so schnell schreiben, wie die Regierungen Kriege machen; denn das Schreiben verlangt Denkarbeit.

Corona Propaganda

2021-04-06T12:51:48+02:00

Die Schriftsteller können nicht so schnell schreiben, wie die Regierungen Kriege machen; denn das Schreiben verlangt Denkarbeit.

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Wer A sagt, der muss nicht B sagen. Er kann auch erkennen, dass A falsch war.

Corona Propaganda

2021-04-06T12:52:16+02:00

Wer A sagt, der muss nicht B sagen. Er kann auch erkennen, dass A falsch war.

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Erst kommt das Fressen, dann die Moral.

Corona Propaganda

2021-04-06T12:52:41+02:00

Erst kommt das Fressen, dann die Moral.

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Kein Vormarsch ist so schwer wie der zurück zur Vernunft. ~ Berthold Brecht

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Kein Vormarsch ist so schwer wie der zurück zur Vernunft. ~ Berthold Brecht

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Corona Propaganda

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Prof. Schachtschneider: Organklage gegen die (Corona) EU-Verschuldung

Organklagen bzw. Organstreitigkeiten sind Streitverfahren von Bundesorganen (z.B. Bundestag, Bundesrat) untereinander, die von dem Bundesverfassungsgericht entschieden werden. Streitgegenstand kann nur Verfassungsrecht sein.

Stellungnahme zum Eigenmittelbeschluß des Rates der Europäischen Union - 22. März 2021

https://youtu.be/_ZD0YYxZTKI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pwn432LAVZs

https://www.kaschachtschneider.de

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Psychologie der Massen (Gustave Le Bon)

Gustave Le Bon (* 7. Mai 1841 in Nogent-le-Rotrou; † 13. Dezember 1931 in Paris) war ein französischer Mediziner, Anthropologe, Psychologe, Soziologe und Erfinder. Er gilt als einer der Begründer der Massenpsychologie, einem Teilgebiet der Sozialpsychologie. Sein bekanntestes Werk ist das 1895 veröffentlichte Buch Psychologie der Massen. Le Bons Wirkung auf die Nachwelt, wissenschaftlich auf Sigmund Freud und Max Weber, politisch insbesondere auf den Nationalsozialismus und seine Protagonisten, war groß.

Zitate

„Nie haben die Massen nach Wahrheit gedürstet. Von den Tatsachen, die ihnen mißfallen, wenden sie sich ab und ziehen es vor, den Irrtum zu vergöttern, wenn er sie zu verführen vermag. Wer sie zu täuschen versteht, wird leicht ihr Herr, wer sie aufzuklären sucht, stets ihr Opfer.“
„Das Wiederholte befestigt sich so sehr in den Köpfen, daß es schließlich als eine bewiesene Wahrheit angenommen wird.“
„Die Massen urteilen gar nicht oder falsch. Die Urteile, die die Massen annehmen, sind nur aufgedrängte, niemals geprüfte Urteile.“
„Nicht das Freiheitsbedürfnis, sondern der Diensteifer herrscht stets in der Massenseele.“
„Wer das Böse entschuldigt, vervielfältigt es.“
„Der Anteil des Unbewußten in unseren Handlungen ist ungeheuer und der Anteil der Vernunft sehr klein.“

Buch als download: Psychologie der Massen

Kapitel: Allgemeine Kennzeichen der Massen · Das psychologische Gesetz von ihrer seelischen Einheit
Was kennzeichnet eine Masse vom psychologischen Gesichtspunkt · Eine zahlenmäßige Menge von Einzelnen bildet noch keine Masse · BesondereEigentümlichkeiten der psychologischen Massen · Unveränderliche Richtung der Gedanken und Gefühle der einzelnen, die sie bilden, und Auslöschung ihrer Persönlichkeit · Die Masse wird stets vom Unbewußten beherrscht ·Zurücktreten des Gehirnlebens und Vorherrschen des Rückenmarklebens · Verminderung des Verstandes und völlige Umwandlung der Gefühle · Die veränderten Gefühle können besser oder schlechter sein als die der einzelnen, aus denen die Menge besteht · Die Masse wird ebensoleicht heldenhaft wie verbrecherisch

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Kognitive Dissonanz

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kmVy1QPXn0&ab_channel=StuartRobertson

Kognitive Dissonanz bezeichnet in der Sozialpsychologie einen als unangenehm empfundenen Gefühlszustand. Er entsteht dadurch, dass ein Mensch unvereinbare Kognitionen hat (Wahrnehmungen, Gedanken, Meinungen, Einstellungen, Wünsche oder Absichten). Kognitionen sind mentale Ereignisse, die mit einer Bewertung verbunden sind. Zwischen diesen Kognitionen können Konflikte („Dissonanzen“) entstehen.

Leon Festinger subsumiert einzelne Wahrnehmungen, Informationen, Bedürfnisse, Vermutungen, Meinungen usw. unter der Kategorie kognitive Elemente (Festinger 1978).^[1] Diese sind die Grundbausteine, aus denen sich die menschlichen Gedächtnisinhalte zusammensetzen. Wenn zwei kognitive Elemente zueinander im Widerspruch stehen, sodass das eine in gewisser Hinsicht das Gegenteil des anderen ausdrückt, entsteht Dissonanz. Ein konsonanter Zustand besteht hingegen, wenn keine Gegensätze vorliegen. Dissonante Zustände werden als unangenehm empfunden und erzeugen innere Spannungen, die nach Überwindung drängen. Der Mensch befindet sich im Ungleichgewicht und ist bestrebt, wieder einen konsistenten Zustand – ein Gleichgewicht – zu erreichen.

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Überzeugungsverzerrung (belief bias)

Belief-Bias (englisch belief bias für Überzeugungsverzerrung oder Überzeugungsbias) bezeichnet eine kognitive Verzerrung. Hierbei wird die Stärke von Argumenten auf Basis der Plausibilität (Glaubwürdigkeit) beurteilt, anstatt wie stark oder wahrhaft diese für die Schlussfolgerung tatsächlich sind.^[1] Mit anderen Worten, wenn Menschen mit einer Sichtweise übereinstimmen, sind sie geneigt zu glauben, dass die verwendete Methode, um die Ergebnisse zu erhalten, auch richtig sein muss.

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Beharren auf Überzeugungen (belief perseverance)

Beharren auf Überzeugungen,^[1] auch als konzeptioneller Konservatismus^[2] bezeichnet (englisch belief perseverance) bedeutet, konfrontiert mit neuen Informationen, die einer Überzeugung widersprechen, diese trotzdem zu bewahren.^[3] Die anfängliche Hypothese, auf der beharrt wird, wird als hartnäckige erste Hypothese bezeichnet.

Da Rationalität konzeptionelle Flexibilität mit sich bringt,^[4]^[5] ist Beharren auf Überzeugungen mit der Ansicht vereinbar, dass Menschen manchmal irrational handeln. Philosoph F. C. S. Schiller ist der Ansicht, dass das Beharren auf Überzeugungen es verdient, „zu den grundlegenden ‚Naturgesetzen‘ gezählt zu werden.“^[6]
Empirische Belege aus der experimentellen Psychologie

Laut Lee Ross und Craig A. Anderson „sind Überzeugungen bemerkenswert widerstandsfähig im Angesicht empirischer Befunde, die logisch verheerend erscheinen.“^[7] Die folgenden Experimente lassen sich mit Hilfe des Konzepts des Beharren auf Überzeugungen verstehen oder neu interpretieren.

Die erste Studie zum Beharren auf Überzeugungen wurde von Festinger, Riecken und Schachter durchgeführt. Diese Psychologen verbrachten Zeit mit einem Kult, dessen Mitglieder davon überzeugt waren, dass die Welt am 21. Dezember 1954 enden würde. Nachdem die Vorhersage nicht eingetroffen war, klammerten sich die meisten Anhänger immer noch an ihren Glauben.^[8]

Bei der Frage nach einer Neubewertung von Wahrscheinlichkeitsschätzungen angesichts aktueller Informationen zeigten die Probanden eine deutliche Tendenz, neue Erkenntnisse nicht ausreichend zu berücksichtigen.^[9]

In einer anderen Studie erhielten mathematisch kompetente Jugendliche und Erwachsene sieben arithmetische Probleme und wurden zunächst nach ungefähren Antworten mittels Schätzung gefragt. Dann sollten sie mit Hilfe eines Taschenrechners die genauen Ergebnisse ermitteln, der allerdings so manipuliert war, dass er zunehmend fehlerhafte Resultate auswarf (z. B. 252 × 1,2 = 452,4 – obwohl das richtige Ergebnis tatsächlich 302,4 ist). Beim Reflektieren über ihre Fähigkeiten und Techniken beim Schätzen absolvierte etwa die Hälfte der Probanden alle sieben Aufgaben, ohne ihre Überzeugung anzuzweifeln, dass Taschenrechner unfehlbar seien.^[10]

Lee Ross und Craig A. Anderson führten einige Probanden zu der falschen Überzeugung, dass eine positive Korrelation zwischen der von einem Feuerwehrmann erklärten Präferenz für das Eingehen von Risiken und seiner beruflichen Leistung besteht. Anderen Probanden wurde gesagt, dass die Korrelation negativ sei. Die Probanden wurden anschließend im Rahmen einer Nachbesprechung ausführlich aufgeklärt und erhielten die Information, dass keinerlei Korrelation zwischen Risikobereitschaft und Leistung besteht. Die Autoren fanden heraus, dass Interviews im Anschluss an die Nachbesprechung auf ein erhebliches Maß an Beharren auf Überzeugungen aufzeigten.^[11]

In einer weiteren Studie^[12] verbrachten die Probanden etwa vier Stunden damit, die Anweisungen einer praktischen Anleitung zu befolgen. An einem bestimmten Punkt führte das Handbuch eine Formel ein, die sie zu der Annahme brachte, dass das Volumen von Kugeln um 50 % größer ist als in Wirklichkeit. Die Probanden erhielten dann tatsächliche Kugeln und wurden aufgefordert, ihr Volumen zu bestimmen. Zuerst verwendeten sie die Formel, um die Kugel dann später mit Wasser zu füllen, das Wasser in eine Kiste umzufüllen und mit deren Hilfe das Volumen des Wassers zu messen.

Im letzten Experiment dieser Serie waren alle 19 Probanden Inhaber von Doktortiteln naturwissenschaftlicher Fächer und als Forscher oder Professoren an zwei großen Universitäten beschäftigt. Auch sie führten den Abgleich zwischen den beiden Volumenmessungen ein zweites Mal mit einer größeren Kugel durch. Alle Probanden außer einem hielten trotz ihrer empirischen Beobachtungen an der falschen Formel fest:

„Zusammen genommen führen derartige Experimente zu einer überraschenden Schlussfolgerung: ‚Selbst wenn wir uns mit ideologisch neutralen Vorstellungen von Realität beschäftigen, neigen wir – obwohl diese Vorstellungen erst kürzlich erworben, aus unbekannten Quellen überliefert oder auch wenn sie aus falschen Gründen assimiliert wurden und ihre Ablehnung offenbar wenig Risiken oder Kosten mit sich bringt – zumindest über längere Zeit dazu, solche Vorstellungen auf verbaler Ebene nicht anzuzweifeln und sie in der Praxis nicht abzulegen, auch wenn ihnen spätere Ereignisse klar widersprechen.‘“^[2]
Einzelnachweise

Ulrich Frey: Der blinde Fleck: Kognitive Fehler in der Wissenschaft und ihre evolutionsbiologischen Grundlagen. Walter de Gruyter, 2013. S. 99
Moti Nissani: A cognitive reinterpretation of Stanley Milgram's observations on obedience to authority. In: American Psychologist. Band 45, Nr. 12, 1990, ISSN 1935-990X, S. 1384–1385, doi:10.1037/0003-066x.45.12.1384.
Roy F. Baumeister, Kathleen D. Vohs (Hrsg.): Encyclopedia of social psychology. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, Calif. 2007, ISBN 978-1-4522-6568-1, S. 109–110 (books.google.de).
F. Voss, et al. (Hrsg.): Informal Reasoning and Education. Erlbaum, Hillsdale 1991, S. 172.Leo H. T. West, A. Leon Pines: Cognitive structure and conceptual change. Academic Press, Orlando, Fl. 1985, ISBN 978-0-12-744590-8, S. 211.
William Ian Beardmore Beveridge: The art of scientific investigation. Norton, New York 1957, S. 110 (Textarchiv – Internet Archive).Daniel Kahneman: Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1982, S. 144 (books.google.de – Leseprobe).
Leon Festinger, et al.: Festinger-Riecken-Schachter-When-Prophecy-Fails. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis 1956 (archive.org).
Kleinmuntz (Hrsg.): Formal Representation of Human Judgment. Wiley, New York 1968, S. 17–52.
Lois Timnick: Electronic Bullies. In: Psychology Today. Band 16, 1982, S. 10–15.
A. Anderson: Abstract and Concrete Data in the Conservatism of Social Theories: When Weak Data Lead to Unshakeable Beliefs. In: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. Band 19, Nr. 2, 1983, S. 93–108, doi:10.1016/0022-1031(83)90031-8.Moti Nissani, Donna
Marie Hoefler-Nissani: Experimental Studies of Belief Dependence of Observations and of Resistance to Conceptual Change. In: Cognition and Instruction. Band 9, Nr. 2, 1992, ISSN 0737-0008, S. 97–111, doi:10.1207/s1532690xci0902_1.

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mRNA „Impfstoff“ ist keine Impfstoff sondern eine genetische Manipulation

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mRNA "Impfstoff" ist keine Impfstoff sondern eine genetische Manipulation

Interview mit Prof. Hockertz & Prof. Bhakdi

Neue studie zeigt das mRNA Impfstoffe die DNA permanent verändern können
Zhang, L., Richards, A., Inmaculada Barrasa, M., Hughes, S. H., Young, R. A., & Jaenisch, R. (2021). Reverse-transcribed SARS-CoV-2 RNA can integrate into the genome of cultured human cells and can be expressed in patient-derived tissues. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105968118
See also: Cohen, J. (2021). Further evidence supports controversial claim that SARS-CoV-2 genes can integrate with human DNA. Science. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abj3287

Zusammenfassung der experimentellen Resultate in Deutsch (AI auto-translation)

Zur Unterstützung dieser Hypothese fanden wir in veröffentlichten Datensätzen von SARS-CoV-2-infizierten kultivierten Zellen und primären Zellen von Patienten chimäre Transkripte, die aus viralen fusionierten zellulären Sequenzen bestehen, was mit der Transkription von in das Genom integrierten viralen Sequenzen übereinstimmt. Um die Möglichkeit einer viralen Retro-Integration experimentell zu untermauern, beschreiben wir den Nachweis, dass SARS-CoV-2-RNAs in menschlichen Zellen durch Reverse Transkriptase (RT) aus LINE-1-Elementen oder durch HIV-1-RT revers transkribiert werden können, und dass diese DNA-Sequenzen in das Zellgenom integriert und anschließend transkribiert werden können. Die humane endogene LINE-1-Expression wurde bei SARS-CoV-2-Infektion oder durch Zytokin-Exposition in kultivierten Zellen induziert, was auf einen molekularen Mechanismus für die SARS-CoV-2-Retro-Integration bei Patienten hindeutet. Dieses neuartige Merkmal der SARS-CoV-2-Infektion könnte erklären, warum Patienten nach ihrer Genesung weiterhin virale RNA produzieren können und deutet auf einen neuen Aspekt der RNA-Virusreplikation hin.
In dieser Arbeit zeigen sie, dass:

1) Segmente der SARS-CoV-2-Virus-RNA in die menschliche genomische DNA integriert werden können.

2) Diese neu erworbene virale Sequenz ist nicht stumm, was bedeutet, dass diese genetisch veränderten Regionen der genomischen DNA transkriptionell aktiv sind (DNA wird wieder in RNA umgewandelt).

3) Segmente der SARS-CoV-2-Virus-RNA wurden in der Zellkultur in die humane genomische DNA retro-integriert. Diese Retro-Integration in genomische DNA von COVID-19-Patienten wird auch indirekt durch den Nachweis von chimären RNA-Transkripten in Zellen, die von COVID-19-Patienten stammen, impliziert. Obwohl ihre RNAseq-Daten darauf hindeuten, dass eine genomische Veränderung bei COVID-19-Patienten stattfindet, sollten, um diesen Punkt schlüssig zu beweisen, PCR, DNA-Sequenzierung oder Southern Blot an gereinigter genomischer DNA von COVID-19-Patienten durchgeführt werden. Dies ist eine Lücke, die in der Forschung geschlossen werden muss. Die in vitro Daten in menschlichen Zelllinien sind jedoch luftdicht.

4) Diese virale Retro-Integration von RNA in DNA kann durch endogene LINE-1-Retrotransposons induziert werden, die eine aktive reverse Transkriptase (RT) produzieren, die RNA in DNA umwandelt. (Alle Menschen haben mehrere Kopien von LINE-1-Retrotransposons in ihrem Genom.). Die Häufigkeit der Retro-Integration der viralen RNA in die DNA ist positiv mit dem LINE-1-Expressionsniveau in der Zelle korreliert.

5) Diese LINE-1-Retrotransposons können durch eine virale Infektion mit SARS-CoV-2 oder durch Zytokin-Exposition der Zellen aktiviert werden, was die Wahrscheinlichkeit der Retro-Integration erhöht.

Übersetzt mit www.DeepL.com/Translator

Diese neuen experimentelle/empirische Resultate zeigen das mRNA Impfstoffe die DNA permanent verändern können (im Gegensatz zu dem was die Mainstream Presse & das RKI propagieren; cf. RKI im Nationalsozialismus). Die relevante Studie wurde im April 2021 in der renommierten wissenschaftlichen Fachzeitschrift Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (Akronym: PNAS) publiziert. Der Preprint wurde bereits im December 2020 publiziert. Diese Befindungen haben weitreichende Implikation die kaum überschätzt werden können da es um die biologische Integrität des gesamten menschlichen Genpools geht. In anderen Worten, alle nachfolgenden Generationen der Menschheit könnten durch die globale Impfkampagne unverschuldet und irreversibel in Mitleidenschaft gezogen werden da die veränderte DNA ipso facto durch Vererbung auf die Nachkommen übertragbar ist (n.b. ohne auf a priori wahrscheinliche epigentische Effekte der vermeidlichen "Impfung" einzugehen). Daher ist es unverantwortlich nicht über die Langzeitimplikationen dieser genetischen Manipulation zu sprechen. Es ist keine individuelle Entscheidung sich "Impfen" zu lassen sondern es handelt sich um eine (irrationale) Entscheidung die die Zukunft der Spezies Homo sapiens (sapiens = weise) betrifft. Der Gruppenzwang wächst mit jeder Person die sich genetisch Manipulieren lässt (cf. social group dynamics & conformity a la Ash). Es wird als ein Zeichen der Solidarität dargestellt (virtue flagging and social desirability) wenn man sich genetisch manipulieren lässt. Genau das Gegenteil ist der Fall: Es ist irrational und unverantwortlich - insbesondere weil keine hohe Gefahr vom aktuellen Virus ausgeht (die Wahrscheinlichkeit an einem "normalen" (jährlich auftretenden) Influenza Grippevirus zu sterben ist höher als an Covid-19 zu sterben; cf. cognitive biases such as base rate neglect). Die Angst wird absichtlich medial geschürt und ist statistisch betrachtet vollkommen irrational. Angst ist jedoch ein wertvoller Rohstoff der von den illegitimen Machtstrukturen zum Ausbau der selbigen utilisiert wird. Das Thema Eugenik spielt in der vorliegenden Thematik m.E. eine zentrale Rolle (siehe https://cognitive-liberty.online/julian-huxley-unesco-and-eugenics/).

“It is, however, essential that eugenics should be brought entirely within the borders of science, for, as already indicated, in the not very remote future the problem of improving the average quality of human beings is likely to become urgent; and this can only be accomplished by applying the findings of a truly scientific eugenics.”
~ Sir Julian Sorell Huxley - From "UNESCO Its Purpose and Its Philosophy"

Original Text (PDF)

unesco_jessop1

N.B. Psycholinguistisch und sozialpsychologisch betrachtet ist der Terminus "Impfung" in strategisch eingesetzter Euphemismus welcher im öffentlichen Diskurs vermieden werden sollte da dieser Terminus falsche semantische Assoziationen aktiviert, vgl. sozialpsychologische Studien im Bezug auf "Familiarität und Vertrauen" (familiarity & trust). Sprache ist ein mächtiges Manipulationswerkzeug (so wurde beispielsweise die Definition des Wortes "Pandemie" von der WHO verändert - die Defintionskriterien wurden im April 2009 abgeschwächt). Bei den aktuellen Verfahren handelt sich um absolute neue genetische Methoden die so noch nie durchgeführt und getestet wurden. Das Wort Impfung hingegen kommt allen bekannt vor (Familiarität fördert Vertrauen) und sog. "Impfgegner" (Anti-vaxxers)wurden lange vor der "Pandemie" diskreditiert. Es gibt jedoch keine longitudinalen Studien zu diesen 'de novo' Verfahren und unser Wissen über Genetik und insbesondere die Epigenetik ist sehr begrenzt da das Human Genom Project erst 1990 ins Leben gerufen wurde. Es handelt sich daher um populationsweite Echtzeitexperimente. Aus juritischer Sicht wird der Nürnberger Kodex missachtet. Die Bevölkerung wird systematisch psychologisch manipuliert ("Impf"-propaganda). Die vorliegenden wissenschaftlichen Daten müssten eigentlich von den Mainstream Medien mit großem Nachdruck publiziert werden. Stattdessen: Schweigen im ideologisch vergifteten Walde - wie so oft wenn es drauf ankommt. Per contra, es wird überall behauptet das keine Effekte auf die DNA möglich wären. Das ist de facto eine Lüge!